Abin da ya haifar da babbar matsala a cikin Ikilisiya a cikin 1054

Babban tawaye na 1054 alama ce ta farko ta babban rikici a tarihin Kiristanci, wanda ya raba Cocin Orthodox a Gabas daga Cocin Katolika na Yammacin. Har zuwa wannan lokacin, duk Kiristanci ya wanzu karkashin jiki daya, amma majami'u a Gabas suna haɓaka bambancin al'adu da tauhidi daga waɗanda ƙasashen yamma. Hankali a hankali ya ƙaru tsakanin reshe biyu kuma a ƙarshe ya mamaye cikin Babban Schism na 1054, wanda kuma ake kira East-West Schism.

Babban maidojin 1054
Babban rudani na 1054 alama ce ta rarrabuwa tsakanin addinin kirista sannan ya tabbatar da rabuwa tsakanin majami'un Otodoks da Gabas da cocin katolika na Yammacin.

Ranar farawa: Tun ƙarni da yawa, tashin hankali ya girma tsakanin reshen biyu har sai sun gama dafa shi a ranar 16 ga Yuli, 1054.
Kuma aka sani da suna: Gabas-Yamma Schism; babban kiyayya.
Mabiyan :an wasa: Michele Cerulario, Babban sarki na Constantinople; Paparoma Leo IX.
Sanadin: Ikilisiya, tiyoloji, siyasa, al'adu, iko da kuma bambance-bambancen yare.
Sakamakon: rabuwa na dindindin tsakanin cocin Roman Katolika da Ikklesiyar Katolika ta Gabas, Ikklesiyar Orthodox da ta Orthodox na Rasha. Dangantaka ta yanzu tsakanin gabas da yamma ta inganta, amma har yanzu majami'u sun rarrabu.
A zuciyar rushewar shine da'awar Paparoman ga izinin duniya da ikon sa. Cocin Orthodox a Gabas ya amince da girmama shugaban cocin amma yayi imanin cewa majalisa ta kamata majalisa ta yanke hukunci game da batun, kuma saboda haka, ba zai ba da shugabanci ba.

Bayan babban tazarar 1054, majami'un Gabas ta Tsakiya suka zama majami'un Gabas, Greek da Rasha, yayin da aka kafa majami'un Yammaci a cocin Roman Katolika. Bangarorin biyu sun ci gaba da abokantaka har zuwa lokacin da 'Yan tawayen Jihadi na hudu suka kame Konstantinoful a shekara ta 1204. Har zuwa yau, ba a yi gyaran gaba daya ba.

Me ya haifar da babbar damuwa?
A karni na uku, masarautar Roman ta fara girma da wahala wajen iya mulki, saboda haka Emperor Diocletian ya yanke shawarar raba masarautar zuwa bangarori biyu: Masarautar Roman ta yamma da Masarautar Gabashin Roman, wacce aka sani kuma a matsayin Daular Byzantine. Ofayan abubuwan farko da suka haifar da yanki biyu ya motsa shine harshe. Babban harshen a Yammacin Turai shi ne Latin, yayin da harshen mafi ƙarfi a Gabas shi ne Girkanci.

Sananan schism
Hatta majami'u na daular da ke rarrabuwa sun fara katsewa. Sarakuna biyar sun riƙe iko a yankuna da yawa: Babban sarki na Rome, Alexandria, Antakiya, Konstantinoful da Urushalima. Babban sarki na Rome (shugaban majalisa) yana da mutuncin "na farko a tsakanin daidaitawa", amma ba shi da iko akan sauran shugabannin.

Karamin rikice-rikice da ake kira "karamin rashi" ya faru ne a cikin ƙarni da suka gabata kafin Babban Schism. Chan ƙaramar rashi na farko (343-398) ya kasance akan rashin ƙarfi, ra'ayin da ya musanci Yesu cewa yana da abu ɗaya da Allah ko daidai yake da Allah, sabili da haka ba allahntaka ba. Mutane da yawa a cikin Cocin Gabas sun yarda da wannan imani amma Cocin Yamma ya ki amincewa da shi.

Wata karamar 'yar akidar, acacia schism (482-519), tana da alaƙa da batun yanayin Almasihu cikin jiki, musamman idan Yesu Kiristi yana da dabi'ar allahntaka-mutum ko yanayi biyu daban (allahntaka da ɗan adam). Wata karamar 'yar adawa, wacce aka fi sani da Photian schism, ta faru a karni na XNUMX. Batutuwa na rarrabuwa sun dogara ne akan batun tsinkewar shugabanci, azumi, shafewa da mai da kuma aikin Ruhu Mai Tsarki.

Kodayake na ɗan lokaci ne, waɗannan rarrabuwa tsakanin Gabas da Yamma sun haifar da dangantaka mai zafi yayin da reshen Kiristanci biyu ke ƙaruwa sosai. A ilimin tauhidi, Gabas da Yamma sun dauki hanyoyi daban. Halin Latin ya shafi gabaɗaya a kan abin da ya dace, yayin da ra'ayin Helenanci ya kasance mafi ruhaniya da ɗaukar ra'ayi. Tunanin Latin ya rinjayi dokar Roma da tauhidi, yayin da Helenawa suka fahimci tiyoloji ta hanyar falsafar da mahallin bautar.

Bambance-bambance na zahiri da na ruhaniya sun kasance tsakanin reshe biyu. Misali, majami'u sun yarda cewa ya yarda da yin amfani da gurasa marar yisti don huduba ta tarayya. Ikilisiyoyin yamma sun goyi bayan aikin, yayin da Helenawa suka yi amfani da gurasa mai yisti a cikin Eucharist. Ikklisiyawan gabas suna barin firistocinsu su yi aure, yayin da Latins suka nace kan rashin aure.

A ƙarshe, tasirin magabatan sarki na Antakiya, Urushalima da Alexandria sun fara raunana, suna kawo Roma da Konstantinoful a matsayin cibiyoyin ikon Ikilisiya guda biyu.

Banbancin yare
Tunda babban harshen mutane a Daular ta Gabas shine Girkanci, majami'un Gabas sun kirkiro da hutun Girka, suna amfani da yaren Girkawa a cikin bukukuwansu na addini da fassara zuwa Girkanci na Tsohon Septuagint. Ikklisiyoyin Roman suna gudanar da aiyuka a cikin Latin kuma an rubuta Bible ɗinsu a cikin Latin ɗin Vulgate.

Rikicin Iconoclastic
A ƙarni na takwas da na tara, har ila yau, gardama ta tashi game da amfani da gumaka a bautar. Sarkin Byzantine Leo na III ya ba da sanarwar cewa bautar gumakai na arna ne da bautar gumaka. Yawancin Bishop na Gabas sun yi aiki tare da mulkin sarkinsu, amma Ikilisiyar Yammacin Turai ta tsaya kyam don nuna goyon baya ga yin amfani da hotunan gumaka.

Gumakan Byzantine
Cikakkun bayanai na Mozamikan gumakan na Hagia Sophia. Hotunan Muhur / Getty
Tattaunawa game da batun Filioque
Muhawara game da batun faifai ta haifar da ɗayan mahimman muhawara ta schism-gabas ta gabas. Wannan jayayya ta dogara ne akan koyarwar Allah-Uku-Cikin-andyantacce ko da Ruhu Mai Tsarki ya fito daga wurin Allah Uba ko daga Uba da .a.

Filioque kalma ce ta Latin ma'ana "kuma ɗan". Tun da farko, dokar ta Nikene a sauƙaƙe ta faɗi cewa Ruhu Mai Tsarki “ya fito daga wurin Uba”, jumlar da aka yi nufin kare allahntakar Ruhu Mai Tsarki. Yankin na Yammacin Cocin Yamma ya kara magana da batun batun bayar da shawarar cewa, Ruhu Mai Tsarki ya samo asali daga wurin Uba “da Da”.

Cocin Gabas ya nace kan ci gaba da kirkirar asalin Ka'idar Nicene, tare da barin batun batun. Shugabannin Gabas sun kafa hujja da babbar murya cewa kasashen yamma ba su da 'yancin canza akidar addinin Krista ba tare da yin bincike kan Cocin Gabas ba. Bayan haka, sun yi imani da cewa karin bayanin ya bayyana bambance-bambancen ilimin addini tsakanin sassan biyu da fahimtarsu game da Triniti. Cocin Gabas ya dauka shine kawai gaskiya da adalci, yin imani da cewa ilimin tauhidi na Yamma ya kasance bisa kuskure ne akan tunanin Augustinian, wanda suke ganin heterodox, wanda ke nufin rashin bin ka'ida ne da ƙabilanci.

Shugabanni a bangarorin biyu sun ki motsawa game da batun gurbata fim. Bishop na gabas sun fara zargin shugaban cocin da bishop a yamma na heresy. A ƙarshe, majami'un biyu sun hana amfani da wuraren ibada na sauran cocin tare da watsar da junan su tare da cocin Kirista na gaskiya.

Me ya rufe makarin gabas ta yamma?
Mafi jayayya da duka da rikici wanda ya kawo Babban Schism a kan shugabanci shine tambayar ikon cocin, musamman idan shugaban cocin a Rome yana da iko akan shugabannin kishiyarta a Gabas. Cocin Roman ya goyi bayan fifikon shugaban darikar Roman tun daga karni na hudun kuma suka yi ikirarin cewa suna da iko a kan ikkilisiya baki daya. Shuwagabannin gabas sun girmama baffa amma sun ki bashi ikon yanke hukunci game da manufofin sauran hukunce-hukuncen ko kuma yanke hukunci na majalisun.

A cikin shekarun da suka gabata kafin Babban Schism, Cocin a Gabashin jagorancin jagorancin Constantinople, Michele Cerularius (kusan 1000-1058), yayin da Paparoma Leo IX (1002-1054) ke jagorantar cocin da ke Rome.

A lokacin, matsaloli sun taso a Kudancin Italiya, wanda ɓangare ne na Daular Byzantine. Sojojin Norman sun mamaye, sun mamaye yankin kuma sun maye gurbin bishoran Girka da na Latin. Lokacin da Cerularius ya sami labarin cewa mutanen Normans sun hana yin bikin Girka a majami'un Kudancin Italiya, sai ya ɗauki fansa ta rufe majami'un Latin da ke Konstantinoful.

Jayayyarsu da suka daɗe suna ta ɓarke ​​lokacin da Paparoma Leo ya aika da mashawarcin mashawarcinsa Humbert zuwa Constantinople tare da umarnin magance matsalar. Humbert yayi kakkausar suka da Allah wadai da ayyukan Cerularius. Lokacin da Cerularius yayi watsi da buƙatun shugaban cocin, an tura shi bisa hukuma kamar yadda ya zama Babban sarki na Konstantinoful a ranar 16 ga Yuli, 1054. Da yake amsawa, Cerularius ya ƙone bijimin na ɓarna kuma ya ayyana bishop na Rome a matsayin mai tauhidi. Ilimin gabas ta yamma ya hatimce.

Yunkurin sulhu
Duk da Babban Schism na 1054, amma duk da haka rassa biyu suna tattaunawa da juna ta fuskar sada zumunta har zuwa lokacin Yaƙin Jiha. Koyaya, a cikin 1204, 'yan tawayen yamma sun kori Constantinople kuma sun gurbata babban cocin Byzantine na Saint Sophia.

By Katolika na Katolika na Saint Sophia
Babban cocin Byzantine, Hagia Sophia (Aya Sofya), ta kama a gida tare da ruwan tabarau mai ido. funky-data / Hotuna Hotunan
Yanzu da rushewar ta kasance ta dindindin, reshe biyu na Kiristanci sun sami rarrabuwar kawuna ta fuskar siyasa, siyasa da al'amuran yau da kullun. Yunkurin yin sulhu ya faru a cikin majalisar ta biyu ta Lyon a cikin 1274, amma bisharar ta gabas ta ki amincewa da wannan yarjejeniya.

Har kwanan nan, a cikin karni na 20, dangantakar da ke tsakanin reshen biyu ta inganta sosai don samun ci gaba na gaske don warkar da wasu bambance-bambance. Tattaunawa tsakanin shuwagabannin ya haifar da Da'awar Babban Taron Katolika-Orthodox na 1965 ta duka Majalisar Vatican ta biyu a Rome da kuma wani biki na musamman a Konstantinoful. Sanarwar ta tabbatar da ingancin bukukuwan a majami'u ta Gabas, ta cire hanyoyin sadarwa tare da nuna sha'awar ci gaba da yin sulhu tsakanin majami'u biyun.

Arin ƙoƙarin sulhu ya haɗa:

A shekarar 1979 aka kafa kwamitin hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa na tattaunawa tsakanin Cocin Katolika da Cocin na Orthodox.
A cikin 1995, Babban Shugaba Bartholomew I na Constantinople ya ziyarci Funtua a karo na farko, don shiga ranar addu'o'in addinai don zaman lafiya.
A shekara ta 1999, Paparoma John Paul II ya ziyarci Romania bisa gayyatar Shugaban Cocin Orthodox na Cocin Romania. Taron shi ne ziyarar farko da shugaban bawiwa ya yi zuwa wata kasa ta Gabas ta Tsakiya tun bayan Babban Schism na 1054.
A cikin 2004, Paparoma John Paul na II ya dawo da kaya zuwa Gabas daga Vatican. Wannan karimcin yana da mahimmanci saboda an yi amfani da kayan jujjuyawar an saci kayayyaki daga Konstantinoful a lokacin Jihadi na Hudu a shekara ta 1204.
A 2005 Babban sarki Bartholomew I, tare da sauran shugabannin Cocin Orthodox na Gabas, sun halarci jana'izar Paparoma John Paul II.
A cikin 2005, Paparoma Benedict na XNUMX ya sake jaddada aniyarsa ta yin aiki don sulhu.
A shekara ta 2006, Paparoma Benedict na XNUMX ya ziyarci Istanbul bisa gayyatar baban sarki Bartholomew I.
A shekara ta 2006, Akbishop Christodoulos na Cocin Orthodox na Girka ya ziyarci Paparoma Benedict XVI a fadar Vatican a ziyarar farko da shugaban Cocin Girka ya kai wa Vatican.
A cikin shekarar 2014, Paparoma Francis da Babangida Bartholomew sun sanya hannu kan wata sanarwar hadin gwiwa inda suka bayyana kudurinsu na neman hadin kai a tsakanin majami'un su.
Tare da wadannan kalmomin, Fafaroma John Paul II ya bayyana fatansa na haɗin kai a ƙarshe: “A cikin shekaru dubu biyu na [Kiristanci] majami'unmu sun yi tsayayya da rabuwarsu. Yanzu shekara ta uku ta Kiristanci tana kan mu. Da sannu za a iya faɗuwar sahun dubun ɗin nan a kan cocin da ya sake kasancewa cikin haɗin kai ”.

A cikin hidimar addu'o'i a bikin tunawa da cikar shekaru 50 da sanarwar hadin kan darikar Katolika da ta Orthodox, Fafaroma Francis ya ce: "Dole ne mu yi imani da cewa kamar yadda dutse ya kebe kafin makabarta, haka duk wani cikas ga cikakken komadarmu shima zai zama kuma za a cire. Duk lokacin da muka sanya son zuciyarmu na baya-bayan nan kuma muka sami karfin gwiwa don kafa sabbin alakoki, za mu furta cewa da gaske Kristi ya tashi. "

Tun daga wannan lokaci, dangantakar tana ci gaba da haɓaka, amma har yanzu ba a magance manyan matsalolin. Gabas da Yamma ba zasu taba haduwa gaba daya kan dukkanin bangarorin tauhidi ba, siyasa da litattafan litattafan tarihi.