Menene ma'anar Buddha da "fadakarwa"?

Mutane da yawa sunji labarin cewa an fadakar da Buddha kuma masu addinin Buddha suna neman fadakarwa. Amma menene ma'anar? "Haskaka" kalma ce ta turanci wanda ke iya ma'ana abubuwa da yawa. A Yammacin Yamma, zamanin fadakarwa ya kasance farkon falsafa na falsafa na 17th da 18 wanda ya inganta kimiyya da dalili game da tatsuniyoyi da camfi, saboda haka a wayewar al'adun Yammacin duniya yana da alaƙa da hankali da ilimi. Amma fadakar Buddha wani abu ne daban.

Haske da Satori
Don ƙara rikicewa, an yi amfani da "fadakarwa" azaman fassara don kalmomin Asiya da yawa waɗanda ba sa nufin iri ɗaya. Misali, shekaru da yawa da suka gabata, an gabatar da Buddhist na Ingilishi zuwa Buddha ta hanyar rubutun DT Suzuki (1870-1966), wani masanin Jafananci wanda ya rayu tsawon lokaci a matsayin ɗan zina na Zen Rinzai. Suzuki ya yi amfani da "fadakarwa" don fassara kalmar sitorian, wanda aka samo daga kalmar kalmar satoru, "don sani".

Wannan fassarar ba tare da hujja ba. Amma a cikin amfani, satori yawanci yana nufin ƙwarewar fahimtar gaskiyar yanayin gaskiya. An kwatanta shi da ƙwarewar buɗe kofa, amma buɗe ƙofa har yanzu yana nuna rabuwa da abin da yake cikin ƙofar. Kashi godiya ga tasirin Suzuki, manufar fadakarwa na ruhaniya a matsayin ba zato ba tsammani, masaniya da canji sun kasance cikin al'adun Turawan yamma. Koyaya, wannan yaudara ce.

Duk da cewa Suzuki da wasu daga cikin malamai na farkon Zen a Yamma sun yi bayanin fadakarwa azaman gwaninta da za a iya samu a wasu lokuta, galibin malamai Zen da rubutun Zen suna gaya muku cewa fadakarwa ba kwarewa bane amma daya jihar dindindin: dindindin ka shiga ƙofar. Koda satori ba fadakarwa bane. A cikin wannan, Zen yana kan hanya kamar yadda ake ganin fadakarwa a cikin wasu rassan Buddha.

Haskakawa da Bodhi (Theravada)
Bodhi, kalma na Sanskrit da pali wanda ke nufin "farkawa", galibi ana fassara shi da "fadakarwa".

A Buddhism Theravada, bodhi yana da alaƙa da kammalawa da sha'awar koyarwar Huɗu na Huɗu, waɗanda ke kawo ƙarshen dukkha (wahala, damuwa, rashin gamsuwa). Mutumin da ya kammala wannan tunanin kuma ya bar dukkan ƙazantar ƙaƙƙarfan al'amari ne, wanda aka 'yantar daga sake zagayowar samsara ko maimaita haihuwa. Yayinda yake raye, ya shiga cikin wani yanayin nirvana kuma idan mutuwa ta sami nutsuwa ta cikakken nirvana kuma ya tsere daga lokacin sake haihuwa.

A cikin Atthinukhopariyaayo Sutta na Pali Tipitaka (Samyutta Nikaya 35,152), Buddha yace:

"Don haka, sufaye, wannan ita ce shahararren abin da mabuƙi wanda ba shi da imani, ban da rarrabuwa, ban da sha'awa, ban da hasashe na hankali, ban da yarda da ra'ayoyi da kuma ra'ayoyi, waɗanda za su iya tabbatar da nasarar na fadakarwa: 'Haihuwa ta lalace, an gama rayuwa mai tsarki, abin da yakamata a yi shi kenan, babu sauran rayuwa a wannan duniyar. "
Haskakawa da Bodhi (Mahayana)
A Mahayana Buddha, bodhi yana da alaƙa da kammalawar hikima, ko sunyata. Wannan koyarwar ce cewa dukkan abubuwan mamaki ba su da ruhin kai.

Da yawa daga cikin mu suna tsinkaye abubuwa da halittun da ke kewaye da mu a rarrabe da dawwama. Amma wannan wahayi tsinkaye ne. Madadin haka, duniyar mamaki yanayin juzu'i ne na musanya abubuwan da ke haifar da yanayin rayuwa ko asali. Abubuwa da abubuwan rayuwa, marasa ma'ana da son kai, ba na gaske bane kuma ba na gaske bane: rukunan gaskiyar biyu. Girman zurfin tsinkaye na sunyata yana rushe sarƙoƙin ɗaure kai da ke haifar da rashin jin daɗinmu. Hanya mai rarrabewa tsakanin mutum da waɗansu yana haifar da madaidaiciyar hangen nesa na dindindin wanda yake da alaƙa da komai.

A Mahayana Buddhism, manufar aiki ita ce ta jiki, mai haskakawa wanda ya kasance a cikin duniyar mamaki don kawo komai ga fadakarwa. Tsarin bodhisattva shine yafi altruism; yana nuna gaskiyar cewa babu ɗayanmu ba ya keɓance. "Haske mai ɗorewa" shine oxygenmoron.

Walƙiya a cikin Vajrayana
Wani reshe na Mahayana Buddhism, makarantu masu mahimmanci na Vajrayana Buddha, sun yi imanin cewa fadakarwa na iya zuwa lokaci guda a cikin lokacin canji. Wannan yana tafiya da hannu tare da imani da Vajrayana cewa sha'awoyi da rashi iri iri na rayuwa, maimakon kasancewa abubuwan cikas, na iya zama jigon kawo canji zuwa fadakarwa wanda zai iya faruwa a lokaci guda, ko aƙalla a cikin rayuwar. Mabuɗin wannan aikin shine imani da yanayin Buddha, cikakkiyar ɗabi'ar yanayin mu na ciki wanda ke jira kawai mu gane shi. Wannan imani a cikin iyawar kai tsaye zuwa fadakarwa ba daya bane da abubuwan Sartori. Ga mabiya Buddha Vajrayana, fadakarwa ba kallo bane ta bakin kofa amma hukuma ce ta dindindin.

Haske da yanayin Buddha
Dangane da labari, lokacin da Buddha ya sami haske, ya faɗi wani abu tare da sakamakon “Ba abin mamaki bane! An riga an fadakar da dukkan mutane! " Wannan halin shine abin da aka sani da Buddha Yanayi, wanda ke samar da asali na al'adar Buddha a wasu makarantu. A Mahayana Buddhism, yanayin Buddha shine ainihin tushen Buddha. Tunda dukkan halittu sun riga sun zama Buddha, aikin ba don samun wayewar bane amma don cim ma sa.

Huineng, shugaban kasar Sin (638-713), shi ne sarki na shida na Ch'an (Zen), idan aka kwatanta Buddhahood kamar wata da girgije ya rufe shi. Gajimare suna wakiltar jahilci da gurbatawa. Lokacin da aka watsar da waɗannan, watã, wanda ya riga ya kasance, yana bayyana.

Experienceswarewa
Me game da waɗannan kwatsam, jin daɗi da canji na abubuwan? Wataƙila kun taɓa samun waɗannan lokacin kuma kuna jin kun kasance a cikin wani abu mai zurfin ruhaniya. Kwarewa iri daya, kodayake mai dadi kuma wani lokacin tare da kyakkyawar fahimta, bawai fadakarwa bane. Ga yawancin masu koyar da ilimin, jin daɗin rayuwa na ruhaniya wanda ba bisa la’akari da hanyar Hanya ta Takwas zuwa ga samun wayewa ba da alama baza ta iya canzawa ba. Neman jihohi masu annashuwa na iya kasancewa da kansu wani nau'i na marmari da haɗewa, kuma hanyar fadakarwa ita ce mika wuya ta hanyar ɗauri da buri.

Wani malamin Zen Barry Magid ya faɗi game da Jagora Hakuin, a cikin "Babu abin da yake ɓoye":

"Yin karatun satori na Hakuin a karshe yana nufin dakatar da damuwa game da yanayin mutum da nasarorin da sadaukar da kansa da al'adar sa don taimakawa da koyar da wasu. Daga qarshe, a qarshe ya fahimci cewa fadakarwa ta hakika al'amari ne na aiki mara iyaka da aiki da tausayi, ba wani abu bane da ke faruwa lokaci daya kuma a wani babban lokaci a kan matashin kai. "
Maigidan da shugaba Shunryu Suzuki (1904-1971) ya ce game da hasken:

"Wani nau'in abu ne mai ban mamaki wanda ga mutanen da ba su da kwarewa ta fadakarwa, fadakarwa abu ne mai ban mamaki. Amma idan sun isa gare shi, ba komai bane. Amma ba komai bane. Shin ka fahimta? Ga uwa wacce take da yara, samun yara ba komai bane na musamman. Wannan zazen. Don haka idan kun ci gaba da wannan aikin, zaku sami ƙari kuma - ba komai na musamman ba, amma har yanzu wani abu. Kuna iya faɗi "yanayin duniya" ko "yanayin Buddha" ko "fadakarwa". Kuna iya kiran ta da sunaye da yawa, amma ga wanda ya mallake ta, ba komai bane kuma abun yi ne. ”
Dukkanin almara da bayanan da aka tattara sun nuna cewa ƙwararrun masu koyar da sana'o'in hannu da kuma masu ba da wayewa na iya kasancewa da babban iko, har ma da ikon allahntaka. Koyaya, waɗannan hikimomin ba hujja ce na fadakarwa ba, kuma ba wasu hanyoyin da muhimmanci ba ne a gare ta. Anan, kuma, an gargade mu da kada ku kori waɗannan ƙwarewar hankali tare da haɗarin rikita yatsa yana nuna wata don wata da kanta.

Idan kayi mamaki ko kun fadakarwa, kusan babu tabbas. Hanya daya tilo da za'a gwada gwada tunanin ka shine gabatar da ita ga malamin dharma. Kada ku karaya idan sakamakonku ya fadi baya karkashin kulawar malami. Farawa na karya da kuskure kuskure ne ɓangaren tafiya, idan kuma lokacin da kuka isa fadakarwa, za'a gina shi akan tushe mai tushe kuma baza ku sami kuskure ba.