Yahudanci: menene ma'anar Shomer?

Idan kun taɓa ji wani ya faɗi Ni ɗan Shabbat ne, wataƙila kuna mamakin ma'anar wannan ma'anar hakan. Kalmar shamer (שומר, jam shomrim, שומרים) ta samo asali daga kalmar Ibrananci shamar (שמר) kuma a zahiri tana nufin tsare, duba ko adana. Ana amfani dashi sau da yawa don bayyana ayyukan mutum da kuma lura da shi a cikin dokar Ibrananci, kodayake ana amfani dashi azaman suna a cikin yaren Ibrananci na zamani don bayyana ƙwararrun masu gadi (alal misali, gatan gidan kayan gargajiya).

Ga wasu daga cikin misalai na yau da kullun na amfani da shayin:

Idan mutum ya rike kosher, ana kiran shi shomer kashrut, ma'ana yana bin manyan hanyoyin cin abincin Yahudanci.
Wani wanda yake shabbat Shabbat ko shams Shabbos yana kiyaye duk dokoki da umarni na ranar Asabar ta Yahudawa.
Kalmar Shomer negiah tana nufin wani wanda yake lura da dokokin waɗanda suka shafi guje wa saduwa da mace ko namiji da mace.
Shomer a cikin dokar Yahudawa
Haka kuma, mai yin harbi a cikin dokar Yahudu (halacha) mutum ne wanda ke da aikin kare kadarorin wani ko kadarorin wani. Dokar girgizar ta samo asali ne a Fitowa 22: 6-14:

(6) Idan wani mutum ya ba maƙwabta ko kayansa ga maƙwabcinsa don tsaro, kuma aka sace daga gidan mutumin, idan an sami ɓarawon, sai ya biya ninki biyu. (7) Idan ba a sami ɓarawon ba, maigidan dole ne ya kusanci alƙalai, [ya yi rantsuwa cewa bai sanya hannunsa a cikin maƙwabcin maƙwabcin ba. (8) Ga kowane kalma mai zunubi, da sa, da jaki, da ɗan rago, da tufafi, da kowane ɓataccen labarin abin da zai ce ya zama haka, dalilin ɓangaren alƙalai, da kowane mutum Alƙalai sun yi iƙirarin laifi, zai biya diyya sau biyu. (9) Idan mutum ya bai wa maƙwabcinsa jaki, sa, da tunkiya, ko dabba don tsaruwa, har ya mutu, ko ya karya reshe ko an kama shi, ba wanda ya gan shi, (10) oatharshen Allah zai kasance daga biyu bisa sharadin cewa bai sanya hannunsa a kan dukiyar ta gaba ba, kuma mai shi dole ne ya karba, kuma ba zai biya ba. (11) Amma idan aka sace, to, sai ya biya mai shi. (12) Idan ya kasance mai rauni, ya zama shaida a kansa. [ga] mai tsagewa wanda ba zai biya ba. (13) Kuma wanda ya yi rangwamen wani daga maƙwabcinsa, kuma ya karya reshe, ko kuwa ya mutu, idan mai shi ba ya tare da shi, lalle ne ya biya fansa. (14) Idan maigidan yana tare da shi, to, ba zai biya ba. idan kuwa dabbar haya ce, ya zo don fanshinsa.

Abubuwa huɗu na Shomer
Daga wannan, masu hikimar sun zo fannoni hudu na Shomer kuma, a kowane yanayi, mutum dole ne ya yarda, ba tilasta shi ba, ya zama mai shayin.

Shomer hinam: mai kula da bashi biya (asali daga Fitowa 22: 6-8)
Shomer sachar: mai tsaron gidan da aka biya (wanda aka fara daga Fitowa 22: 9-12)
Socher: dan haya (wanda ya fara daga Fitowa 22:14)
kwasfa: mai ba da bashi (wanda ya fara a Fitowa 22: 13-14)
Kowane ɗayan waɗannan rukunan suna da matakai daban-daban na wajibai na doka bisa ga ayoyin da suka dace a cikin Fitowa 22 (Mishnah, Bava Metzia 93a). Ko da a yau, a cikin duniyar yahudawa ta Otodoks, ana kiyaye su kuma ana aiwatar da dokokin kariya.
Daya daga cikin alamomin al'adun gargajiyan yau da aka sani yau ta amfani da kalmar 'Shomer' sun fito ne daga fim din 'The Big Lebowski' na 1998, wanda halin John Goodman na Walter Sobchak ya fusata sosai a cikin gasar da ba za a ambaci cewa shi Shabbos Shomer bane.