Hankalin dama a Buddha

A cikin sharuddan zamani, Hanya ta Hudu ta Buddha shiri ne na kashi takwas don fahimtar wayewa da kuma 'yantar da kanmu daga dukkha (wahala). Hankalin daidaito shine kashi na takwas na tafarki. Yana buƙatar masu koyon aiki su mai da hankali kan dukkan ƙwarewar tunaninsu a kan abu na jiki ko na ƙwaƙwalwa kuma su aikata Abubuwan Hudu, wanda ake kira da suna Dhyanas huɗu (Sanskrit) ko na huɗu Jhanas (Pali).

Ma'anar daidaituwa ta daidai a cikin Buddha
Kalmar Pali da aka fassara zuwa Ingilishi a matsayin "taro" ita ce samadhi. Tushen kalmomin samadhi, sam-a-dha, na nufin "tarawa".

Marigayi John Daido Loori Roshi, malamin Soto Zen, ya ce: “Samadhi wani yanayi ne na sani wanda ya wuce farkawa, mafarki ko kuma barci mai nauyi. Rage tafiyar da hankalinmu ne ta hanyar maida hankali daya kawai ”. Samadhi wani nau'i ne na natsuwa iri-iri; mai da hankali, misali, kan neman fansa, ko ma a abinci mai dadi, ba samadhi ba ne. Maimakon haka, a cewar Bhikkhu Bodhi's Noble Tightfold Path, “Samadhi mai da hankali ne kawai, mai da hankali a cikin lafiyayyen yanayi. Koda hakane ma aikinshi ya kankance: hakan baya nufin kowane irin salo mai kyau, sai dai karfin tsinkaye wanda ya samo asali ne daga gangancin kokarin tada hankali zuwa mataki na wayewa mafi tsarka. "

Sauran bangarorin biyu na hanyar - Rightoƙarin Dama da Tunani na Gaskiya - suma suna da alaƙa da horo na hankali. Suna kama da Maida hankali, amma burinsu daban. Kokarin Dama yana nufin nome abin da ke mai kyau da kuma tsarkakewa daga abin da ba shi da kyau, yayin da Hankali na Gaskiya yana nufin kasancewa cikakke da kuma sanin jikin ku, azancin ku, tunanin ku da kuma kewayen ku.

Ana kiran matakan hankalin hankali dhyanas (Sanskrit) ko jhanas (Pali). A farkon Buddha, akwai dhyanas huɗu, kodayake daga baya makarantu sun faɗaɗa su zuwa tara wasu lokuta kuma da yawa. Sunayen Dhyanas guda huɗu a ƙasa.

Dhyanas Hudu (ko Jhanas)
Dhyanas huɗu, janas ko shanyewa sune hanyar fuskantar hikimar koyarwar Buddha kai tsaye. Musamman, ta hanyar daidaitaccen tunani, zamu iya 'yantar da mu daga yaudarar wani daban.

Don fuskantar dhyana, dole ne mutum ya shawo kan cikas guda biyar: sha'awar sha'awa, rashin ƙarfi, rashin hankali da nutsuwa, rashin nutsuwa da damuwa da shakka. A cewar malamin addinin Buddha Henepola Gunaratana, kowane ɗayan waɗannan matsalolin yana fuskantar su ta hanyar da ta dace: “yin la’akari da kyau game da yanayin abin ƙyama abu ne da ke magance sha’awar sha’awa; la'akari da hikima na ƙauna ta alheri yana kāriya da mugun nufi; la'akari mai kyau game da abubuwan kokarin, kokari da sadaukarwa yana adawa da lalaci da kasala; lura da nutsuwa na hankali yana cire nutsuwa da damuwa; da kuma kyakkyawan hikima game da ainihin halayen abubuwa yana kawar da shubuhohi. "

A cikin farko DHyana, sha'awa maras kyau, buri da tunani an sake su. Mutumin da ya zauna a cikin dhyana na farko yana jin daɗin farin ciki da zurfin jin daɗin rayuwa.

A cikin dhyana ta biyu, aikin ilimi ya ɓace kuma an maye gurbinsa da natsuwa da tattara hankali. Fyaucewa da jin daɗin zama na farko na Dhyana har yanzu suna nan.

A cikin dhyana ta uku, fyaucewa ya ɓace kuma an maye gurbinsa da daidaito (upekkha) da kuma tsabta mai girma.

A cikin dhyana ta huɗu, duk majiyai sun daina kuma daidaituwa kawai ya rage.

A wasu makarantun addinin Buddha, an bayyana dhyana ta hudu azaman tsarkakakkiyar kwarewa ba tare da "mai gwadawa" ba. Ta hanyar wannan kwarewar kai tsaye, ana hango mutum da kansa daban a matsayin ruɗi.

Jihohi guda hudu masu ma'ana
A cikin Theravada da wasu makarantun Buddha, bayan Huɗu Huɗu sun zo ƙasashen huɗu ma'abuta ɗabi'a. Wannan aikin ana fahimtar shi kamar yadda ya wuce koyarwar kwakwalwa da kuma kammala abubuwan da suka fi maida hankali kansu. Dalilin wannan aikace-aikacen shine kawar da duk abubuwan gani da ido da sauran abubuwanda zasu iya kasancewa bayan dhyanas.

A cikin kasashe marasa tushe guda hudu, mutum na farko ya sake inganta sarari mara iyaka, sannan hankali mara iyaka, sannan ba abin duniya ba, sannan tsinkaye bane ko tsinkaye. Aikin a wannan matakin yana da zurfi kuma mai yiwuwa ne kawai ga mai koyar da ɗabi'a.

Haɓakawa kuma gudanar da aiki daidai
Makarantu daban-daban na addinin Buddha sun kirkiro wasu hanyoyi daban-daban don haɓaka haɓaka. Concentrationwayar dama tana haɗuwa da tunani. A cikin Sanskrit da Pali, kalmar yin zuzzurfan tunani shine bhavana, wanda ke nufin "al'adun tunani". Buddhist bhavana ba al'adar shakatawa ba ce, ba kuma game da hangen nesa ba ne na jiki ko ƙwarewa. Ainihin, bhavana hanya ce ta shirya tunani don fahimtar wayewa.

Don cimma dacewar da ta dace, yawancin masu sana'a zasu fara ne ta ƙirƙirar saitin da ya dace. A cikin kyakkyawar duniya, aikin zai gudana a gidan sufi; idan ba haka ba, yana da mahimmanci a zaɓi wuri mara nutsuwa kyauta daga tsangwama. A can, mai yin aikin ya ɗauki yanayi mai annashuwa amma a tsaye (sau da yawa a cikin yanayin ƙwallon kafa) kuma ya mai da hankalinsa ga wata kalma (mantra) da za a iya maimaita ta sau da yawa, ko a kan wani abu kamar mutum-mutumin Buddha.

Yin zuzzurfan tunani kawai ya ƙunshi numfashi ne ta ɗabi'a da kuma mai da hankali kan abin da aka zaɓa ko sauti. Yayin da tunani ya ɓace, mai aikin "ya lura da shi da sauri, sai ya kama shi, kuma a hankali amma da ƙarfi ya dawo da shi ga abin, yana maimaita shi a duk lokacin da ya zama dole."

Duk da yake wannan aikin yana iya zama mai sauƙi (kuma yana da), yana da matukar wahala ga yawancin mutane saboda tunani da hotuna koyaushe suna tashi. A yayin cimma burin da ya dace, masu aikatawa na iya buƙatar yin aiki na shekaru tare da taimakon ƙwararren malami don shawo kan sha'awa, fushi, tashin hankali ko shakka.