Shin an kirkiro coronavirus ne a dakin gwaje-gwaje? Masanin kimiyya ya amsa

Yayinda sabon coronavirus wanda ke haifar da COVID-19 yana yaduwa a duniya, tare da shari'oin da suka wuce 284.000 a duk duniya (20 Maris), fashewar cuta ke yaduwa da sauri.

Wani mummunan labari shine cewa wannan kwayar cuta, da ake kira SARS-CoV-2, masana kimiyya sun kirkiro ta kuma sun gudu daga dakin bincike a Wuhan, China, inda cutar ta fara.

Wani sabon bincike na SARS-CoV-2 na iya rufe bakin wannan tunanin na karshen. Teamungiyar masu bincike sun kwatanta dabi'ar wannan sabon coronavirus tare da sauran coronaviruses bakwai da aka sani don cutar da mutane: SARS, MERS da SARS-CoV-2, wanda zai iya haifar da mummunan cututtuka; tare da HKU1, NL63, OC43 da 229E, wanda yawanci ke haifar da alamun bayyanar kawai, masu binciken sun rubuta a ranar Maris 17 a cikin jaridar Nature Medicine.

"Binciken da muka yi ya nuna a sarari cewa SARS-CoV-2 ba ginannen dakin gwaje-gwaje bane ko kwayar cuta," sun rubuta a cikin labarin jaridar.

Kristian Andersen, kwararren malamin farfesa a ilimin tsirrai da kere-kere a Scripps Research, da abokan aikinsa sun yi nazari kan tsarin kwayar halitta don kariyar sunadarai da ke fitowa daga saman kwayar cutar. Coronavirus yana amfani da waɗannan sifofin don ɗauka bangon jikin sel ɗakin sa sannan ya shiga waɗancan sel. Musamman, sun bincika jerin abubuwan gado waɗanda ke da alhakin manyan halaye guda biyu na waɗannan furotin mafi girma: grabber, wanda ake kira yanki mai ɗaukar kaya, wanda ke ɗaukar nauyin sel; da kuma wurin da ake kira sharewa wanda ya ba da damar kwayar cutar ta bude da shiga cikin wadancan sel.

Wannan bincike ya nuna cewa "ɓangaren" ɓangaren gangar jikin ya samo asali ne don kaiwa mai karɓar mai karɓa a cikin ƙwayoyin ɗan adam da ake kira ACE2, wanda ke da alhakin daidaita hawan jini. Yana da fa'ida sosai a cikin ɗaure wa kwayoyin jikin mutum yadda masu binciken suka ce mafi ƙarancin sunadaran sakamakon zabin yanayi ne ba aikin injiniya ba.

Anan ne SARS-CoV-2 ke da alaƙa da kwayar cutar da ke haifar da matsanancin ciwo na numfashi (SARS), wanda ya sha wahala a duniya kusan shekaru 20 da suka gabata. Masana kimiyya sun bincika yadda SARS-CoV ta bambanta da SARS-CoV-2 - tare da canje-canje da yawa ga manyan haruffa a cikin lambar kayyade. Duk da haka a cikin kwaikwayon kwamfuta, maye gurbi a cikin SARS-CoV-2 bai yi kama da aiki sosai don taimakawa cutar ta ɗaure wa kwayoyin jikin mutum. Idan da masana kimiyya suka tsara wannan cutar da gangan, da ba za su zaɓi maye gurbi ba waɗanda samfuran komputa ke faɗi ba za su yi aiki ba. Amma ya gano cewa yanayi ya fi masana kimiyya hankali kuma coronavirus labari ya samo wata hanyar canzawa wacce ta fi kyau - kuma gabaɗaya ce - fiye da duk abin da masana kimiyya suka kirkira, binciken ya gano.

Wani ƙusa a cikin ka'idar "ya tsere daga dakin binciken mugunta"? Tsarin kwayoyin kwayar cutar gaba daya sun sha bamban da sanannun coronaviruses kuma a maimakon haka tana kama da kwayar da ake samu a cikin jemagu da kuma pangolins wadanda aka yi karancin karatu kuma ba a san suna cutar da mutane ba.

"Idan wani yana kokarin tsara sabon coronavirus a matsayin mai yada cuta, da sun gina ta daga kashin bayan kwayar cutar da aka sani da ke haifar da cuta," a cewar sanarwar Scripps.

Daga ina cutar take fitowa? Theungiyar binciken ta samo asali ne don abubuwa guda biyu don asalin SARS-CoV-2 a cikin mutane. Wani abin da ya faru yana biye da tarihin asalin wasu manyan dabarun tarihi da suka haifar da lalacewa a kan humanan Adam. A wannan yanayin, mun sami kamuwa da kwayar cutar kai tsaye daga dabba - civets dangane da SARS da raƙuma yayin yanayin cutar siyarwa ta Gabas ta Tsakiya (MERS). Dangane da batun SARS-CoV-2, masu binciken sun ba da shawarar cewa dabba batir ce, wacce ke daukar kwayar cutar zuwa wata dabba mai tsaka-tsaki (mai yiwuwa wani pangolin ne, wasu masana kimiyya suka ce) wanda ke dauke da kwayar cutar a cikin mutane.

A wannan yanayin mai yiwuwa, halayen halittar da suka sa sabon coronavirus ya yi tasiri sosai wajen harba kwayoyin halittar dan adam (ikonsa) ya kasance tun kafin a ci gaba da tafiya da mutane.

A daya yanayin, wadannan sifofin zasu iya canza ne bayan kwayar cutar ta wuce daga garken dabbobi zuwa mutum. Wasu coronaviruses waɗanda suka samo asali daga pangolines suna da "ƙugiya tsarin" (yanki mai ɗaukar kaya) mai kama da na SARS-CoV-2. Ta wannan hanyar, pangolin ya yada kwayar ta kai tsaye ko a kaikaice ga rundunar mutane. Don haka da zarar a cikin rundunar mutum, kwayar cutar ta iya canzawa ta kasance da sauran sifofin da ba za a iya gani ba: rukunin yanar gizon da ya ba shi damar kutsawa cikin sel jikin mutum cikin sauki. Da zarar an bunkasa wannan ikon, masu bincike sun ce coronavirus zai iya kasancewa da ikon yadawa tsakanin mutane.

Dukkanin wadannan bayanan na yau da kullun zasu iya taimakawa masana kimiyya kimanta hango makomar wannan cutar. Idan kwayar cutar ta shiga cikin kwayoyin halittar mutum, wannan yana kara yiwuwar barkewar cutar nan gaba. Kwayar cutar zata iya yadawa cikin yawan dabbobi kuma tana iya tsalle zuwa ga mutane, a shirye don haifar da fashewa. Amma akwai yiwuwar irin wannan barkewar cutar a nan gaba idan kwayar cutar ta shiga cikin jama'ar dan adam da farko sannan kuma ta samar da kaddarorin cutar, in ji masu binciken.