Rayuwar Buddha, Siddhartha Gautama

Rayuwar Siddhartha Gautama, mutumin da muke kira Buddha, an birge shi cikin almara da tatsuniyoyi. Kodayake yawancin masana tarihi sunyi imani da cewa akwai irin wannan mutumin, ba mu san komai game da ainihin mutumin tarihi. "Misalin" tarihin rayuwa wanda aka ruwaito a cikin wannan labarin yana da alama ya ci gaba akan lokaci. An kammala shi da "Buddhacarita", waƙar almara wanda Aśvaghoṣa ya rubuta a ƙarni na biyu AD

Haihuwar da dangin Siddhartha Gautama
Buddha mai zuwa, Siddhartha Gautama, an haife shi a cikin karni na XNUMX zuwa XNUMXth BC a Lumbini (a yanzu Nepal). Siddhartha sunan Sanskrit ne mai ma'anar "wanda ya cimma manufa" kuma Gautama shine sunan iyali.

Mahaifinsa, Sarki Suddhodana, shi ne shugaban babban dangi da ake kira Shakya (ko Sakya). Daga rubutun farko ba a bayyane yake ko shi sarki ne na gado ko fiye na shugaban kabila ba. Hakanan yana yiwuwa cewa an zabe shi zuwa wannan matsayin.

Suddhodana ya auri 'yan'uwa mata biyu, Maya da Pajapati Gotami. An ce su ne sarakunan wata kabila, Koliya, daga arewacin Indiya a yau. Maya mahaifiyar Siddhartha ce kaɗai 'yarsa. Ta mutu jim kadan bayan haihuwarta. Pajapati, wanda daga baya ya zama macen Buddha na farko, ya ɗaga Siddhartha a matsayin nasa.

Bisa ga dukkan lissafi, Yarima Siddhartha da iyalinsa suna cikin jaruma Kshatriya da jaruma mai daraja. Daga cikin sanannun dangin Siddhartha shine dan uwan ​​shi Ananda, dan dan uwan ​​mahaifinsa. Daga baya Ananda ya zama almajiri kuma mataimaki na Buddha. Zai zama ƙarami fiye da Siddhartha, kuma ba su san junan su kamar yara ba.

Annabta da aure aure
Lokacin da Yarima Siddhartha ke da 'yan kwanaki, aka ce, tsarkaka ya yi anabci game da yariman. Dangane da rahotanni, tsarkaka tara Brahman sun yi annabcin. An riga an annabta cewa saurayin zai zama mai girma sarki ko babban malamin ruhaniya. Sarki Suddhodana ya fi son sakamakon farko kuma ya shirya ɗansa daidai gwargwado.

Ya yi renon yaron da babban jin daɗi tare da kare shi daga ilimin addini da wahalar mutane. Yana dan shekara 16, ya auri kawunsa, Yasodhara, wanda shi ma ya yi shekara 16. Babu shakka wannan bikin aure ne wanda iyalai suka shirya, kamar yadda aka saba a wancan lokacin.

Yasodhara 'yar wani shugaba ne na Koliya kuma mahaifiyarta' yar'uwar Sarki Suddhodana ce. Hakanan 'yar'uwar Devadatta ce, wacce ta zama almajirin Buddha sannan, a wasu hanyoyi, abokin hamayya mai haɗari.

Wuraren guda hudu na wucewa
Yariman ya kai shekara 29 ba tare da ƙwarewar duniya ba a wajen bangon manyan biranen sa masu kyau. Bai san gaskiyar cutar ba, tsufa da mutuwa.

Wata rana, saboda tsananin son sani, Yarima Siddhartha ya nemi mai doki ya bi shi kan jerin yawo a cikin gari. A cikin tafiye-tafiyen nan ya firgita da ganin wani dattijo, sai wani mara lafiya sannan gawar. Gaskiya mummunan yanayin rayuwar tsufa, cuta da mutuwa sun kama kuma sun cuce yarima.

Eventarshe ya ga yawon shakatawa. Direban ya yi bayanin cewa abin al'ajabin shi ne wanda ya yi watsi da duniya kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin 'yantar da kansa daga tsoron mutuwa da wahala.

Wadannan masu haɗuwa da rayuwa zasu zama sananne a cikin Buddha a matsayin wurare huɗu na wucewa.

Siddhartha's reunciation
Don wani ɗan lokaci yarima ya koma rayuwar fadar, amma bai so hakan ba. Shi ma bai ji daɗin labarin da matar sa Yasodhara ta haifa masa ɗa ba. Yaron an kira shi Rahula, wanda ke nufin "sarkar".

Wata rana da dare yarima ya yi ta birgima a cikin fadar. Jin daɗin rayuwar da ya taɓa yi kamar sun yi kama da juna ne. Mawaƙa da dancingan matan rawa sun yi barci sun kwanta, suna nishaɗi da tofa. Yarima Siddhartha ya tuno da tsufa, rashin lafiya da mutuwa wanda zai fi su duka kuma ya mai da jikinsu turɓaya.

Daga nan ya fahimci cewa ba zai iya gamsuwa da rayuwar yarima ba. A daren nan ya fita daga gidan sarki, ya aske kansa, ya juya daga rigunan sarauta ya zama rigar mai roƙon. Da yake ba da duk alatu da ya san shi, ya fara neman hasken ne.

Binciken ya fara
Siddhartha ya fara ne ta hanyar neman mashahurin malamai. Sun koya masa ilimin falsafa na addini na zamaninsa da yadda ake tunani. Bayan yasan duk abin da zasu koyar, shakkun sa da tambayoyin sa sun ci gaba. Shi da almajirai biyar sun bar neman haske ta kansu.

Abokan nan shida sun yi ƙoƙarin 'yantar da kansu daga wahala ta horo na jiki: jure zafin, riƙe numfashinsu da sauri kusan zuwa yunwar. Amma har yanzu Siddhartha bai gamsu ba.

Ya faru da shi cewa, yayin ba da yardar rai, ya kama sabanin nishaɗin, wanda yake jin zafi da takaddar kansa. Yanzu Siddhartha yayi la'akari da matsayin tsakiyar tsakanin waɗannan tsattsauran ra'ayi.

Ya tuna da ƙwarewar ƙuruciyarsa wanda hankalinsa ya tashi a cikin kyakkyawan kwanciyar hankali. Ya ga cewa hanyar 'yanci ta hanyar horo ne na hankali, kuma ya fahimci cewa maimakon yunwar, yana buƙatar abinci don gina ƙarfinsa don ƙoƙari. Lokacin da ya karbi kwano na madarar shinkafa daga budurwa, sahabbansa sun ɗauka cewa ya daina binciken kuma sun barshi.

Haskaka Buddha
Siddhartha ya zauna a gindin itacen ɓaure mai tsarki (Ficus religiosa), koyaushe ana kiransa Bodhi Tree (bodhi yana nufin "farka"). A nan ne ya zauna cikin tunani.

Gwagwarmayar a cikin tunanin Siddhartha ya zama tatsuniya a matsayin babban yaƙi da Mara. Sunan aljani yana nufin "hallaka" kuma yana wakiltar sha'awoyin da ke yaudarar mu kuma suka yaudare mu. Mara ya kawo mayaƙan dodanni don kaiwa hari kan Siddhartha, waɗanda suka kasance marasa motsi da kullun. Yarinyar kyakkyawa ta Mara tayi ƙoƙarin yaudarar Siddhartha, amma wannan ƙoƙarin ma ya kasa.

A ƙarshe, Mara ta ce wurin da hasken wutar ya kasance nasa. Aljanin da Mara ya yi ya fi na Siddhartha girma, in ji aljan. Sojojin da ke cikin rundunar Mara sun yi ihu tare: "Ni mai shaida ne!" Mara ta kalubalanci Siddhartha, "Wanene zai yi maka magana?"

Sai Siddhartha ya miƙa hannun damansa don taɓa ƙasa, ƙasa kanta ta yi ruri: "Na shaide ka!" Mara ya ɓace. Kamar yadda tauraron asuba ya tashi zuwa sararin sama, Siddhartha Gautama ya sami haskaka sannan ya zama buddha, wanda aka ayyana shi a matsayin "mutumin da ya sami cikakken haske".

Buddha a matsayin malami
Da farko, Buddha ya yi niyyar yin koyarwa saboda abin da ya cim ma ba za a iya magana da shi ta kalmomi ba. Ta hanyar horo ne da tsinkaye hankali kawai zai yanke kauna da bacewa kuma za'a sami Rikicin Gaskiya. Masu sauraro ba tare da wannan ƙwarewar kai tsaye za su makale a cikin hangen nesa kuma tabbas zai fahimci duk abin da ya faɗi. Koyaya, tausayi ya rinjaye shi don ƙoƙarin isar da abin da ya cim ma.

Bayan haske, sai ya tafi zuwa Deer Park na Isipatana, wanda ke lardin Uttar Pradesh na yanzu, Indiya. A nan ya tarar da sahabbai biyar waɗanda suka yashe shi kuma suka yi musu wa'azin farko.

Wannan hadisin an kiyaye shi azaman Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta kuma yana mai da hankali ne akan Huɗun Kaya Huɗu. Madadin koyar da koyaswar game da fadakarwa, Buddha ya zabi yin hanyar wata hanya ta yadda mutane zasu fadakar da kansu.

Buddha ya sadaukar da kai wajen koyarwa da kuma jan hankalin ɗaruruwan mabiya. Daga baya, ya yi sulhu da mahaifinsa, Sarki Suddhodana. Matar sa, yar Yasodhara, ta zama bazawara kuma almajiri. Ulaansa, Rahula, ya zama marubuci mai ba da labari tun yana ɗan shekara bakwai, ya kuma rage sauran rayuwarsa tare da mahaifinsa.

Karshe kalmomin Buddha
Buddha ba ta ratsa duk cikin arewacin India da Nepal ba. Ya koyar da mabiya mabambantan mabiya, duk suna neman gaskiyar da ya bayar.

A lokacin yana da shekara 80, Buddha ya shiga Parinirvana, yana barin jikinsa na zahiri. A cikin sahun gaba, ta yi watsi da sake zagayowar mutuwa da haihuwa.

Kafin numfashinsa na ƙarshe, ya faɗi kalmomin ƙarshe ga mabiyansa:

“Ga ku dodanni, wannan shine shawara ta ƙarshe a gare ku. Dukkan abubuwan da aka tsara a cikin duniya mai canzawa ne. Ba su dadewa. Yi aiki tuƙuru don samun cetonka. "
An binne jikin Buddha. An sanya gawarsa a cikin wauta - tsarin da aka yarda da shi a cikin Buddha - a wurare da yawa, ciki har da China, Myanmar da Sri Lanka.

Buddha ya yi wahayi miliyoyin
Kimanin shekaru 2.500 bayan haka, koyarwar Buddha ta kasance mai mahimmanci ga mutane da yawa a duniya. Buddha ta ci gaba da jan hankalin sababbin mabiya kuma tana daga cikin addinai da suka yi saurin girma, kodayake mutane da yawa ba sa kiranta a zaman addini amma a zaman tafarki na ibada ko falsafar. Kimanin mutane miliyan 350 zuwa 550 ne ke yin addinin Buddha a yau.