Nirvana da manufar 'yanci a cikin Buddha

Kalmar nirvana tana da faɗi sosai ga masu magana da Turanci cewa ma'anarta ana rasa ma'anarta sau da yawa. An karɓi kalmar da nufin ma'anar "ni'ima" ko "natsuwa". Nirvana shima sunan sanannen shahararren ɗan gungun Amurka ne, harma da kayan masarufi masu yawa, daga ruwan kwalba zuwa turare. Amma menene? Kuma ta yaya ya dace da Buddha?

Ma'anar Nirvana
A cikin ma'anar ruhaniya, nirvana (ko nibbana a cikin pali) kalma ce ta Sanskrit ta d meaning a wacce ke ma'anar wani abu kamar "kashewa", tare da ma'anar kashe wuta. Wannan ƙarin ma'anar zahiri ta sa yawancin Baƙi ya ɗauka cewa manufar Buddha ita ce ta soke kanta. Amma wannan ba shine Buddha ko nirvana ba kwata-kwata. 'Yanci ya shafi lalata yanayin samsara, wahalar dukkha; An bayyana Samsara gaba ɗaya azaman zagayowar haihuwa, mutuwa da sake haihuwa, ko da yake a cikin Buddha wannan ba ɗaya bane da maimaitawar rayuka mai hankali, kamar yadda yake a cikin addinin Hindu, amma a maimaita haihuwar zuciyar karmic. Nirvana kuma an ce shine 'yanci daga wannan sake zagayowar kuma dukkha, damuwa / jin zafi / rashin gamsuwa na rayuwa.

A cikin wa'azin sa na farko bayan fadakarwarsa, Buddha ya yi wa'azin Gaskiya Huɗu na Huɗu. Ainihin, gaskiya tana bayyana dalilin da yasa rayuwa ta dame mu kuma yake ba mu takaici. Buddha kuma ya ba mu magani da kuma hanyar 'yantarwa, wacce ita ce Hanya Tsakiya.

Don haka, addinin Buddha ba tsarin imani ba kamar ɗabi'a ce da ke ba mu damar daina faɗa.

Nirvana ba wuri bane
Don haka, da zarar an 'yanta, me zai faru bayan haka? Makarantun Buddhism daban-daban sun fahimci nirvana ta hanyoyi da yawa, amma gabaɗaya sun yarda cewa nirvana ba wuri bane. Ya fi kama da yanayin zama. Koyaya, Buddha ya ce duk wani abu da zamu iya faɗi ko kuma tunani game da nirvana zai zama ba daidai ba domin ya bambanta da rayuwarmu ta yau da kullun. Nirvana ya wuce sarari, lokaci da ma'ana, sabili da haka harshe ta ma'anar isa bai cancanci tattauna shi ba. Za'a iya samun gogewa kawai.

Yawancin nassoshi da tafsiri sunyi magana akan shiga nirvana, amma (a takaice magana), nirvana baza'a iya shiga ta kamar yadda muka shiga daki ba ko kuma yadda muke tunanin shiga sama. Theravadin Thanissaro Bhikkhu ya ce:

"... samsara ko nirvana wuri ne. Samsara tsari ne na ƙirƙirar wurare, har ma daukacin duniyar (ana kiran wannan zama) sannan kuma yawo game da su (wannan ana kiran shi haihuwa). Nirvana shine karshen wannan aikin. "
Tabbas, yawancin tsararrun Buddha sunyi tunanin nirvana wuri ne, saboda iyakancewar yare ba ya bamu wata hanyar yin magana game da wannan halin. Akwai kuma tsohuwar sanannen imani cewa mutum dole ne a sake haihuwarsa a matsayin namiji don shiga nirvana. Buddha mai tarihi bai taɓa faɗi wani abu ba, amma sanannen imani ya nuna a wasu sutras na Mahayana. Wannan mas'alar ta sami karbuwa sosai a cikin Vimalakirti Sutra, duk da haka, a cikin abin da ya bayyana a bayyane cewa duka mata da mutanen da ke kwance za su iya fadakarwa kuma su sami nirvana.

Nibbana a Buddha Theravada
Buddhism Theravada ya bayyana nau'ikan nirvana biyu, ko Nibbana, tunda Theravadin yawanci suna amfani da kalmar Pali. Na farko shine "Nibbana tare da ragowar". An kwatanta wannan da alamuran da ke zama mai daɗi bayan harshen wuta ya fita kuma yana bayanin rayayyen rayayyun halittar wata halitta ce. Arahant har yanzu yana san jin daɗi da jin zafi, amma ba a ɗaure shi da su.

Nau'i na biyu shine parinibbana, wanda shine ƙarshe na ƙarshe ko kuma nibbana wanda aka "saka" a mutu. Yanzu sarakunan suna da ban mamaki. Buddha ya koyar da cewa wannan halin ba wanzuwar bane - saboda abin da za a ce ya wanzu ya iyakance cikin lokaci da sarari - kuma ba rayuwa. Wannan tabbatacciyar rikicewar tana nuna wahalar da ke faruwa yayin da talakawa suke ƙoƙarin kwatanta yanayin kasancewa wanda ba za'a iya faɗi ba.

Nirvana a Mahayana Buddha
Daya daga cikin alamomin bayyanar Mahayana Buddha shine alwashi na bodhisattva. Mahayana Buddha sun sadaukar da kai ga fadakarwar dukkan halittu don haka suka zabi kasancewa a cikin duniya don taimaka wa wasu maimakon juyawa zuwa wayewar kai. Aƙalla wasu makarantun Mahayana, tunda komai yana wanzu, ba a la'akari da nirvana "mutum". Wadannan makarantu na Buddha suna damuwa da rayuwa a wannan duniyar sosai, ba watsi ba.

Wasu makarantu na Mahayana Buddhism kuma sun haɗa da koyarwar da samsara da nirvana ba su da bambanci. Halittu wanda yasan ko yasan komai game da abubuwan mamaki zai san cewa nirvana da samsara ba masu adawa bane, sai dai sun birgeshi. Tunda gaskiyarmu ta asalin itace yanayin Buddha, nirvana da samsara alamu ne na zahiri na bayyanuwar zuciyarmu, kuma ana iya ganin nirvana a matsayin tsarkakakkiyar dabi'ar samsara. Don ƙarin bayani kan wannan batun, duba "Zuciyar Sutra" da "Gaskiya Guda biyu".