ADDU'A ZAI IYA SAUKAR AUGUSTINE don neman alheri

Wancan ne mafi yawan consolation cewa ku, Saint Saintine mai daraja, aka kawo a tsarkaka
Monica mahaifiyarka da dukan Cocin, lokacin da aka ba da misali ta hanyar misali
na Roman Vittorino kuma daga yanzu jama'a, yanzu jawabai masu zaman kansu na Babban Bishop na
Milan, Sant'Ambrogio, da San Simpliciano da Alipio, a ƙarshe sun yanke shawarar canza ku,
mu duka alherin zuwa ci gaba da amfani da misalai da shawara
kyawawan halaye, don kawo zuwa sama kamar farin ciki tare da rayuwarmu ta yau kamar yadda take
baƙin ciki ne ya sanya muka lalace tare da yawancin kurakuran rayuwarmu ta baya
Gloria

Mu da muke bin Augustine mai yawo dole ne mu bi shi da tuba. Deh! cewa
misalinsa ya sa mu nemi gafara kuma mu kawo karshen duk wata ƙaunar da ke jawo hakan
faɗuwarmu.
Gloria

Augustine na Hippo (fassarar Italiyanci na Latin Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis) na ƙabilar Berber, amma na al'adun Hellenistic-Roman gaba ɗaya, an haife shi ne a Tagaste (a halin yanzu Souk-Ahras a Aljeriya, dake da tazarar kilomita 100 kudu maso yamma da Hippo) a ranar 13th Nuwamba 354 daga dan aji na karamin ƙasa. Mahaifin Patrizio arna ne, yayin da mahaifiyarsa Monica (a cikin Agusta 27), wanda Agostino shi ne ɗan fari, ya kasance Kirista; ita ce ta ba shi ilimin addini amma ba tare da yi masa baftisma ba, kamar yadda ake amfani da shi a lokacin, yana son jira da balaga.

Augustine yana da ƙuruciya mai rai, amma zunubai na gaske sun fara daga baya. Bayan karatunsa na farko a Tagaste sannan kuma a Madaura da ke kusa, ya tafi Carthage a cikin 371, tare da taimakon wani attajiri ɗan ƙasa mai suna Romaniano. Yana da shekaru 16 kuma ya rayu lokacin balagarsa ta wata hanya mai matukar ban sha'awa kuma, yayin da yake halartar makarantar kwararrun likitanci, ya fara zama tare da yarinyar 'yar Carthaginian, wacce ita kuma ta bashi, a shekara ta 372, dan, Adeodato. A cikin waɗannan shekarun ne ya sami ƙwarewar sa ta farko a matsayin mai ilimin falsafa, godiya ga karatun wani littafi da Cicero, "Ortensio" ya yi wanda ya burge shi matuka, saboda marubucin Latin ya faɗi, yadda falsafar kawai ta taimaka wa nufin ya ƙaurace daga mugunta da aiki da nagarta.
Abin takaici, to, karatun Littattafai Mai Tsarki bai ce komai ga tunaninsa mai hankali ba kuma addinin da mahaifiyarsa ta ce da shi "camfi ne na ƙuruciya", don haka ya nemi gaskiya cikin Manichaeism. (Manicheism addini ne na asali) wanda Mani ya kirkiro a ƙarni na uku AD, wanda ya haɗa abubuwan Kiristanci da addinin Zoroaster; tushen ƙa'idar sa biyu ne, watau ci gaba da adawa da mizanan Allah guda biyu daidai, kyakkyawa ɗaya kuma mara kyau, da mamaye duniya da kuma ran mutum).
Bayan ya kammala karatunsa, ya koma garin Tagaste a shekara ta 374, inda, tare da taimakon mai taimakonsa na ƙasar Romaniya, ya buɗe makarantar nahawu da magana. Hakanan an karbi bakuncin shi a gidansa tare da duka dangi, saboda mahaifiyarsa Monica, ba ta zaɓin zaɓin addinin da ya yi, ya fi son rabuwa da Agostino; daga baya ne ya karanto shi zuwa gidansa, bayan yayi mafarki game da komawarsa bangaskiyar Kirista.
Bayan shekaru biyu a cikin 376, ya yanke shawarar barin karamin garin Tagaste ya koma Carthage kuma, koyaushe tare da taimakon abokinsa Romaniano, wanda ya koma Manichaeism, shi ma ya bude makaranta a nan, inda ya koyar da shekara bakwai, abin takaici. tare da ɗaliban horo marasa kyau.
Ko da yake, Agostino bai taba samun amsar ba tsakanin Manichaeans ga sha'awar sa ta gaskiya kuma bayan ganawarsu da bishop din su Fausto, wanda ya gudana a Carthage a 382, ​​wanda yakamata ya warware kokwanto, kuma ya bar shi ba tare da yarda ba don haka ya dauki matakin Koma daga Manichaeism. Neman sabbin abubuwan gogewa da gajiya da ƙarancin ɗaliban Carthaginian, Agostino, masu tsayayya da addu'o'in mahaifiyarsa ƙaunatacciya, waɗanda suke so su riƙe shi a Afirka, sun yanke shawarar ƙaura zuwa Rome, babban birnin daular, tare da duk danginsa.
A cikin 384 ya sami damar, tare da goyon bayan mai mulki na Rome, Quinto Aurelio Simmaco, da kujerar shugabantar lafazi a cikin Milan, inda ya koma, ba zato ba tsammani ya isa a 385, ta mahaifiyarsa Monica, wanda, yana sane da wahalar ciki na ɗansa , ya kasance tare da shi tare da addu'o'i da hawaye ba tare da sanya komai a kansa ba, a maimakon haka kamar mala'ika mai kare.

A farkon farawar Lent a 387, tare da Adeodate da Alipio, ya ɗauki matsayinsa cikin "waɗanda suka cancanta" don yi wa Ambrose baftisma a ranar Ista. Agostino ya ci gaba da zama a Milan har zuwa kaka, yana ci gaba da aikinsa: "De rashin mutuƙar animae da De musica". Bayan haka, yayin da take shirin shiga Ostia, Monica ta maido da ranta ga Allah. Daga nan Agostino, ya kasance tsawon watanni a Rome, galibi yana ma'amala da mulkin Manichaeism da kuma zurfafa iliminsa akan wuraren ibada da al'adun Ikilisiya.

A shekara ta 388, ya koma garin Tagaste, inda ya sayar da kayansa kaɗan, yana rarraba kuɗaɗe ga matalauta kuma, ya yi ritaya tare da wasu abokansa da almajirai, ya kafa ƙaramin gari, inda ake raba kayan. Amma bayan wani ɗan lokaci yawan 'yan'uwanmu' yan ƙasa, don neman shawara da taimako, sun rikitar da tunanin da ya dace, ya zama dole nemo wani wuri kuma Augustine ya neme ta kusa da Hippo. Ya sami kansa kwatsam a cikin karamar basilica, inda Bishop Valerio yake gabatar da shawara ga amintaccen don ya keɓe firist wanda zai iya taimaka masa, musamman wajen wa'azin; Da ganin kasancewarsa, amintaccen ya fara ihu yana cewa: "Augustine firist!". Sannan an ba da yawa ga nufin mutane, an yi la'akari da nufin Allah kuma kodayake ya yi ƙoƙari ya ƙi, domin wannan ba hanyar da yake so ba ce, Augustine ya tilasta yarda. Garin Hippo ya sami riba mai yawa, aikinsa ya sami albarka sosai; Da farko dai ya nemi bishop ya koma da gidan kaskon nasa zuwa Hippo, don ci gaba da zabin rayuwa, wanda daga baya ya zama tushen karatun firistocin Afirka da na bishop.

Augustaddamarwar Augustiniya ya aza harsashin sabunta al'adun malamai. Har ila yau, ya rubuta Dokar, wanda daga cikin theungiyar Regular ko Canan Cutar ta Augustinia suka karɓa a cikin karni na XNUMX.
Bishof Valerio, yana jin tsoron za a tura Augustine zuwa wani wuri, ya shawo kan jama'a da jigon Numidia, Megalio di Calama, don keɓe shi a matsayin shugaban cocin Bishop na Hippo. A cikin 397, Valerio ya mutu, ya gaje shi a matsayin mai shi. Dole ne ya bar gidan sufi ya kuma yi ɗimbin aikinsa na makiyayi na rayuka, wanda ya aiwatar sosai, sosai har da sunansa a matsayin bishop mai fadada ya bazu ko'ina cikin majami'u na Afirka.

A lokaci guda kuma ya rubuta ayyukansa: St. Augustine ya kasance ɗayan manyan dabarun da ɗan adam ya taɓa sani. Ba a sha'awar shi kawai saboda yawan ayyukansa, waɗanda suka haɗa da tarihin rayuwa, falsafa, apologetic, yaudararru, rikice-rikice, ɗabi'a, rubuce-rubuce na rikice-rikice, tarin haruffa, wa'azozi da ayyukan waƙoƙi (rubuce a cikin ƙididdigar gargajiya ba, amma daidaituwa, don sauƙaƙe haddacewa ta hanyar waɗanda ba su da ilimi), amma har ma da nau'ikan maudu'in da suka shafi ilimin mutum gabaɗaya. Hanyar da ya ba da shawarar aikinsa har ila yau yana ba da babbar sha'awa ga mai karatu.
Babban mashahurin aikinsa shine Confessiones. Yawancin nau'ikan rayuwar addini suna komawa zuwa gare shi, daga cikin abin da Order of St. Augustine (OSA), wanda ake kira Augustinians: yada a duk faɗin duniya, tare da ƙafafun Augustinians na ƙafa (OAD) da Augustinian Recollects (OAR), sun ƙunshi A cikin cocin Katolika babban yanki na ruhaniya na tsarkaka na Hippo, ga wanda mulkin rayuwarsa da yawa wasu ikilisiyoyin aka yi wahayi, ban da canons na yau da kullun na St. Augustine.
"Shakka ko Tabbatarwa" (kusan 400) labarin zuciyarsa ne. Tushen tunannin Augustinar da ake gabatarwa a cikin '' Shahadar '' ya ta'allaka ne da cewa mutum baya iya karkatar da kansa: kawai tare da hasken Allah, wanda dole ne yayi biyayya ga dukkan yanayi, mutum zai iya samun daidaituwa a rayuwarsa. Kalmar nan “ikirari” an fahimce ta cikin ma'anar Littafi Mai Tsarki (Confiteri), ba a matsayin karɓar laifi ko labari ba, amma kamar addu'ar ruhi ne wanda ke sha'awar aikin Allah a cikin ta. Daga cikin ayyukan Saint, babu wanda ya karanta duniya gabaɗaya. Babu wani littafi a cikin dukkanin wallafe-wallafen da suke kama da shi don raɗaɗɗar ganewar abubuwan wahalar rayuwa, ko tunanin sadarwa, ko zurfin ra'ayoyin ilimin falsafa.

A cikin 429 ya kamu da tsananin rashin lafiya, yayin da aka kewaye Hippo na watanni uku ta hanyar Vandals da Genseric († 477) ya bayar, bayan sun kawo mutuwa da hallaka ko'ina; bishop mai tsarki yana da ra'ayin kusan ƙarshen duniya; ya mutu a ranar 28 ga Agusta, 430 yana da shekara 76. An saci jikinsa daga hannun Vandals yayin wuta da lalata Hippo, daga nan sai Bishop Fulgenzio di Ruspe, ya tafi dashi zuwa Cagliari, kusa da 508-517 cc, tare da sake fasalin wasu bisharar Afirka.
A kusan 725 jikinsa ya sake komawa Pavia, a cikin Cocin S. Pietro a Ciel d'Oro, ba kusa da wuraren da ya tuba ba, ta wurin sarki Lombard mai aminci Liutprando († 744), wanda ya fanshe shi by Saracens na Sardinia.