Shamanism: ma'ana, tarihi da imani

Aikin shamananci ana samunsa a cikin duniya a cikin al'adu daban-daban kuma ya ƙunshi ruhaniyanci wanda yake kasancewa koyaushe a cikin yanayin canzawar sani. Shaman yawanci yana da matsayi mai daraja a cikin al'umma kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawar jagoranci.

Shamanism
"Shaman" kalma ce ta tatsuniyoyi da masana ilimin dabbobi suke amfani da ita wajen bayyana tarin ayyuka da imani, wanda yawancinsu suna da batun duba, magana ta ruhu da tsafi.
Daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan imani da aka samu a aikin shamananci shi ne cewa a karshen komai - kuma kowa - yana da wata alaka.
An samu tabbacin ayyukan shamanic a cikin Scandinavia, Siberiya da sauran sassan Turai, da kuma a cikin Mongolia, Korea, Japan, China da Ostiraliya. Kabilun Inuit da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Arewacin Amurka sun yi amfani da ruhaniyanci na shamanic, da kuma ƙungiyoyi a Kudancin Amurka, Mesoamerica da Afirka.
Tarihi da ilmin dabbobi
Kalmar shaman kanta tayi yawa. Duk da yake mutane da yawa suna jin kalmar shaman kuma nan da nan suna tunanin mazajen likitancin Amurkawa, abubuwa sun fi rikitarwa fiye da wancan.

"Shaman" kalma ce ta turanci da masana ilimin dabbobi suke amfani da ita wajen bayyana tarin ayyuka da imani, wanda yawancinsu suna da batun duba, sadarwa ta ruhu da tsafi. A yawancin al'adu na asalin, ciki har da amma ba'a iyakance ga kabilun ativeasar Amurka ba, shaman mutum ne mai ƙwarewa wanda ya ɗanɗana tsawon rayuwarsa bayan kiransu. Mutum baya bayyana kansa a matsayin shaman; maimakon hakan lakabi ne da aka bayar bayan shekaru da yawa na nazari.

Horo da rawar a cikin alumma
A wasu al'adu, shamman galibi mutane ne da suke da wasu irin cututtukan da ke lalatarwa, nakasassu na jiki ko nakasa ko kuma wasu halaye na daban.

A cikin wasu kabilun Borneo, an zaɓi hermaphrodites don horar da shamanic. Duk da yake yawancin al'adu suna da kamar maza sun fi son maza a matsayin shaman, amma a wasu ba a taɓa jin ba ne mata su sami horo kamar shaman da masu warkarwa. Mawallafin Barbara Tedlock ya faɗi a cikin Mace a Jikin Shaman: Da'awar Mace a Addini da Magunguna an gano cewa shaidanu na farko da aka samo yayin zamanin Paleolithic a cikin Czech Republic haƙiƙa mata ne.

A cikin kabilun Turai, wataƙila mata za su iya yin aikin shahshawa tare ko ma a wurin maza. Yawancin mutanen Norse sagas sun bayyana ayyukan oracular na volva, ko maigidan mata. A cikin mafi yawan sagas da edda, kwatancin annabcin ya fara ne da layin da waƙa ya zo a kan leɓun sa, yana nuna cewa kalmomin da suka biyo baya na allahntaka ne, waɗanda aka aiko ta cikin babban ƙarfi a matsayin manzon wa alloli. Daga cikin mutanen Celtic, almara yana da tarihin cewa nine firistocin da ke zaune a tsibirin kusa da gabar tekun Breton sun kware sosai a cikin fasahar annabta kuma suna aiwatar da ayyukan shamanic.

A cikin littafinsa The Nature of Shamanism da Shamanic Labari, Michael Berman ya tattauna batutuwan da yawa game da shamananci, ciki har da ra'ayin shaman yana da ikon ruhohin da yake aiki da su. Tabbas, Berman yayi ikirarin cewa shaman yana koyaushe yana cikin cikakken iko, saboda babu wata ƙabilar asalin da zata yarda da shaman wanda bazai iya mulkin duniyar ruhu ba. Ya ce,

"Tunanin da aka haifar da hurarrun ana iya daukar shi a matsayin halin mutanen shaman da kuma rufin asiri wanda Eliade ya kira annabawan, yayin da mallakar mallaka ya fi kama da tauhidi."

An samu tabbacin ayyukan shamanic a Scandinavia, Siberiya da sauran sassan Turai, da kuma a cikin Mongolia, Korea, Japan, China da Ostiraliya. Kabilun Inuit da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Arewacin Amurka sun yi amfani da ruhaniyanci na shamanic, da kuma ƙungiyoyi a Kudancin Amurka, Mesoamerica da Afirka. Ta wata hanyar, an samo shi a yawancin sanannen duniyar. Yana da ban sha'awa mu sani cewa babu wata tabbatacciyar tabbatacciyar hujja wacce ta danganta shamanism zuwa duniyar duniyar Celtic, Greek ko Roman.

A yau akwai wasu majusawa da yawa waɗanda ke bin babban nau'in neo-shamaniyanci. Sau da yawa ya ƙunshi aiki tare da totem ko dabbobi na ruhaniya, balaguron mafarki da bincike na gani, bimbini a kan wahayi da kuma taurarin taurari. Yana da mahimmanci a san cewa yawancin abin da ake tallatawa a halin yanzu a matsayin "shamananci na zamani" ba ɗaya bane da al'adun shaman na 'yan asalin ƙasa. Dalilin wannan mai sauki ne: ɗan asalin ƙasar shaman, wanda aka samu a ƙaramin ɗan ƙaramin yanki na al'adun nesa, ana binne shi a cikin wannan al'adar kowace rana, kuma matsayinsa na shaman yana ma'anar wahalar al'adun wannan ƙungiya.

Michael Harner masanin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi kuma wanda ya kafa Gidauniyar Nazarin Shamanic, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta zamani da aka sadaukar da ita don adana ayyukan shamanic da al'adun gargajiya na yawancin kabilu na duniya. Aikin Harner yayi ƙoƙari don sake haifar da shamanism ga mai koyar da zamani, yayin da yake girmama ayyukan asali da tsarin imani. Aikin Harner yana haɓaka yin amfani da rudani a matsayin tushen tushen shamanism kuma a 1980 wallafa Hanyar Shaman: Jagora zuwa Powerarfi da warkarwa. Mutane da yawa suna ɗaukar wannan littafi a zaman wata gada tsakanin al'adun shamananci na gargajiya da kuma al'adun Neoshaman na zamani.

Imani da kuma dabaru

Don farkon shamaniyya, an kirkiro imani da ayyuka a matsayin martani ga ainihin bukatun ɗan adam don neman bayani da aiwatar da iko akan abubuwan da suka faru. Misali, kamfani mai farauta zai iya yin sadaka ga ruhohin da suka rinjayi girman garken ko kuma karimcin gandun daji. Sauran al'ummomin makiyaya na iya dogara da alloli da alloli waɗanda ke sarrafa sauyin yanayi, don samun wadataccen girbi da wadatattun dabbobi. Daga nan ne alumma suka zama masu dogaro da aikin shaman don kyautata rayuwarsu.

Daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan imani da aka samu a aikin shamananci shi ne cewa a karshen komai - kuma kowa - yana da wata alaka. Daga tsirrai da bishiyoyi da dutsen da dabbobi da kogo, dukkan abubuwa wani bangare ne na gama kai. Bugu da ƙari, kowane abu yana imbu da ruhin sa, ko ruhinsa, kuma ana iya haɗa shi akan jirgin sama mara rai. Wannan tunanin mai tsari ya ba da damar shaman ya iya tafiya tsakanin duniyar duniyarmu da duniyar sauran halittu, yana aiki a matsayin mai haɗi.

Hakanan, saboda iyawar tafiya tsakanin duniyarmu da ta duniyar ruhaniya mafi girma, shaman yawanci wani ne wanda yake musayar annabce-annabce da saƙonnin ishara tare da waɗanda zasu buƙaci jin su. Wadannan sakonnin na iya zama wani abu mai sauki kuma mai da hankali daban-daban, amma mafi yawan lokuta ba haka bane, abubuwa ne da zasu shafi al'umma baki daya. A wasu al'adu, ana tattaunawa da shaman don fahimta da shiriyarsu kafin kowane tsofaffi ya yanke shawara. Wani shaman yakan yi amfani da dabaru wadanda suke haifar da wahayi wajen karbar wadannan wahayi da sakonni.

A ƙarshe, shamomi yawanci suna warkarwa. Zasu iya gyara cututtuka a jikin mutum ta hanyar magance rashin daidaituwa ko lalata ruhun mutum. Ana iya yin wannan ta hanyar addu'o'i masu sauƙaƙe ko kuma yin bayyani da ayyukan ibada da suka shafi rawa da waƙa. Tunda an yi imanin cutar ta fito ne daga mugayen ruhohi, shaman zai yi aiki don fitar da abubuwa marasa kyau daga jikin mutumin da kuma kare mutum daga cutar da gaba.

Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa shamananci ba a cikin kansa addini bane; maimakon haka, tarin abubuwa ne na ruhaniya masu wadatuwa waɗanda ke shafar yanayin mahallin da yake ciki. A yau mutane da yawa suna yin shahidai kuma kowannensu yana aikata shi ta musamman da takamaiman hanya don al'umma da ra'ayin duniya. A wurare da yawa, shamanan yau suna cikin motsi na siyasa kuma sun dauki madaidaiciyar matsayi a cikin gwagwarmaya, musamman wadanda suka mayar da hankali kan al'amuran muhalli.