Tarihin gidan ibada na Hindu

Masanin ilmin kimiyar lissafi ne ya gano ragowar ginin haikalin na farko a cikin Surkh Kotal, wani yanki a Afghanistan, daga masanin ilmin kimiya na ƙasa a cikin 1951 Ba a keɓe shi ga wani allah ba, amma ga al'adar sarki Kanishka (127-151 AD). Batun bautar gumaka wanda ya zama sananne a ƙarshen zamanin Vedic wataƙila ya ba da izinin koyar da wuraren ibada a matsayin wurin bauta.

Gidan haikalin Hindu na farko
Ba a yi gine-ginen farko na haikalin da dutse ko tubalin ba, wanda ya zo daga baya. A zamanin da, galibi ana yin haikalin jama'a da na jama'a da yumɓu tare da layuka masu kyau waɗanda aka yi da bambaro ko ganye. Akin haikalin ya zama ruwan dare a wurare masu nisa da tuddai.

Masana tarihi suna da'awar cewa ba a cikin haikalin Hindu a lokacin Vedic (1500-500 BC). A cewar masanin tarihi Nirad C. Chaudhuri, tsarin farko da ya nuna bautar gumaka ya kasance ne a karni na XNUMX ko na XNUMX AD Akwai wani babban ci gaba a fannin gine-ginen haikalin tsakanin karni na XNUMX zuwa na XNUMX AD AD Wannan karuwar haikalin Bahaushe alama ce ta girma da koma baya ga makomar ire-iren ire-iren mulkin da suka yi sarauta a Indiya a wannan lokacin, yana ba da gudummawa sosai da tasiri kan ginin haikalin, musamman a kudancin Indiya.

'Yan Hindu suna la'akari da gina haikalin wani mummunan aiki, wanda ke kawo babbar daraja ta addini. Don haka sarakuna da attajirai suna da sha'awar tallafa wa ginin haikalin, bayanin kulawar Swami Harshananda, kuma an gudanar da matakai daban-daban na ginin masallacin a matsayin ayyukan ibada.

Kungiyar Pallavas (600-900 AD) ta dauki nauyin gina wasu wuraren dutsen karusai na Mahabalipuram, wadanda suka hada da shahararrun gidajen ibada na Kailashnath da Vaikuntha Perumal a Kanchipuram, kudancin Indiya. Tsarin Pallavas ya sami ci gaba tare da fasalulluka na haɓaka da ƙira kuma ya zama abin ƙyalli da ban mamaki yayin mulkin daulolin da suka biyo baya, musamman Cholas (900-1200 AD), gidajen ibadar Pandyas (1216-1345 AD), da sarakunan Vijayanagar (1350-1565 AD) da Nayaks (1600 - 1750 AD).

Chalukyas (543-753 AD) da Rastrakutas (753-982 AD) suma sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga ci gaban gine-ginen haikali a Kudancin India. Dutsen temple na Badami, Virupaksha haikalin a Pattadakal, Durga haikalin a Aihole da gidan ibada na Kailasanatha a Ellora sune misalai na wannan zamanin. Sauran abubuwan al'ajabi na gine-gine na wannan lokacin su ne zane-zane na Kogon Elephanta da haikalin Kashivishvanatha.

A zamanin Chola, tsarin ginin wasu kusurwoyin kudu na Indiya ya yi kyau, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar ginin tsoffin gidajen ibadar na Tanjore. Pandyas ya bi sawun Cholas sannan ya kara inganta salon su na Dravidian, kamar yadda ya tabbata a cikin hadaddun haikalin Madurai da Srirangam. Bayan Pandyas, sarakunan Vijayanagar sun ci gaba da al'adar Dravidian, kamar yadda za'a iya gani daga kyawawan haikalin Hampi. Nayaks na Madurai, waɗanda ke bin sarakunan Vijayanagar, sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga tsarin gine-ginen haikalinsu, suna shigo da hanyoyi masu fa'ida ga ɗaruruwan dubunnan manya-manya da tsayi kuma an yi musu kwalliyar "gopuram", ko kuma manyan abubuwan ƙirar da suka zama ƙofar ƙorafin zuwa haikalin. , kamar yadda ya bayyana a cikin gidajen Madurai da Rameswaram.

A gabashin Indiya, musamman a Orissa tsakanin 750 zuwa 1250 AD kuma a tsakiyar Indiya tsakanin 950 zuwa 1050 AD, an gina haikalin da yawa masu kyau. Gidajen Lingaraja da ke Bhubaneswar, haikalin Jagannath a Puri da kuma haikalin Surya da ke Konarak suna da alamar tsohuwar al'adar Orissa. Gidajen Khajuraho, sanannun zane-zane na fasikanci, da kuma gidajen Modhera da del Monte. Abu yana da salon India na tsakiya. Salon kayan gine-gine na Bengal terracotta kuma ya ba da kansa ga haikalinsa, wanda kuma sananne ne ga rufin gablesa da kuma nau'ikan pyramidal mai siffofi takwas da ake kira "aath-chala".

Kasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya, wadanda yawancinsu ke mulkin karkashin mulkin sarakunan Indiya, sun ga ginin da yawa na gine-ginen haikali a yankin tsakanin ƙarni na bakwai zuwa na sha huɗu waɗanda har yanzu sanannun wuraren yawon shakatawa ne. Mafi shahararrun waɗannan sune haikalin Angkor Vatikan wanda Sarki Surya Varman II ya gina a ƙarni na 12. Wasu daga cikin manyan gidajen ibada na Hindu a kudu maso gabashin Asiya wadanda har yanzu suke da su sun hada da gidan ibada na Chen Lao na kasar Cambodia (karni na 14-14), da gidan ibadun Shiva na Dieng da Gdong Songo a Java (karni na XNUMX-XNUMX), pramban tempel na Java (XNUMXth -X karni), Banteay Srei haikalin Angkor (karni na X), Gunung Kawi haikalin Tampaksiring a Bali (karni na XNUMX), Panataran (Java) (karni na XNUMX) da kuma gidan bauta na Iya mahaifiyar Besakih a Bali (karni na XNUMX) karni).

A yau, gidajen ibada na Hindu a duniya sun zama tushen tarihin al'adun Indiya da taimakon ruhaniya. Akwai gidajen ibada na Hindu a kusan kowace ƙasa a duniya kuma India ta zamani tana cike da kyawawan gidajen ibada, waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa sosai ga al'adun gargajiyar ta. A shekara ta 2005, wataƙila an buɗe babban ginin gidan ibada a New Delhi, a gabar Kogin Yamuna. Effortoƙarin ƙoƙarin da masu sana'a 11.000 da masu ba da agaji suka ba da girma ga ɗaukakar gidan ibadar Akshardham ya zama gaskiya. Abu ne mai ban mamaki mai ban sha'awa cewa haikalin Hindu mafi tsayi da aka gabatar a duniyar Mayapur a West Bengal yana niyyar cimma.