Yogacara: makarantar hankali

Yogacara ("aikin yoga") reshe ne na falsafa na Mahayana Buddhism wanda ya fito a Indiya a cikin karni na XNUMX AD. Tasirinsa har yanzu yana bayyane a yau a yawancin makarantu na Buddhism, ciki har da Tibetan, Zen da Shingon.

Yogacara kuma ana kiranta Vijanavada, ko makarantar Vijnana saboda Yogacara galibi tana hulɗa ne da yanayin Vijnana da yanayin ƙwarewa. Vijnana shine ɗayan nau'ikan tunani guda uku da aka tattauna a farkon nassoshi na Buddha kamar Sutta-Pitaka. Sau da yawa ana fassara Vijnana cikin Turanci a matsayin "sani", "sani" ko "ilimi". Wannan dai shi ne karo na biyar na Skandhas.

Asalin Yogacara
Duk da cewa wasu bangarorin asalinta sun lalace, masanin tarihin Ingila Damien Keown ya ce mai yiwuwa Yogacara ya kasance mai alaƙa ne da reshen Gandhara na darikar Buddha wacce ake kira Sarvastivada. Wadanda suka kafa su sune sufaye masu suna Asanga, Vasubandhu da Maitreyanatha, wadanda ake tunanin dukkansu suna da alaƙa da Sarvastivada kafin su koma Mahayana.

Wadannan wadanda suka kafa suka ga Yogacara a matsayin wani gyara ne na falsafar ta Madhyamika da Nagarjuna ya kirkira, wataƙila a karni na II. Sun yi imani cewa Madhyamika ya kusanto da wahalarwa ne ta wurin nuna fifikon asirin, duk da cewa babu shakka Nagarjuna ta nuna rashin jituwa.

Mabiya na Madhyamika sun zargi Yogacarin da mahimmin aiki ko imani cewa wani nau'i na tabbataccen abu ne wanda ya haifar da abin mamakin, duk da cewa wannan zargi bai yi kama da koyarwar Yogacara ba.

A wani lokaci, makarantun falsafa na Yogacara da Madhyamika abokan hamayya ne. A karni na takwas, wani nau'in Yogacara da aka canza tare da wani tsari na Madhyamika wanda aka canza shi, kuma wannan falsafar da aka haɗu a yau ta zama babban ɓangare na tushen Mahayana.

Asali koyarwar Yogacara
Yogacara ba falsafar fahimta ce mai sauki ba. Malamansa sun kirkiro kyawawan halaye wadanda suka bayyana yadda wayewa da kwarewa suke shiga. Wadannan misalai suna bayyana dalla-dalla yadda halittu suke rayuwa a duniya.

Kamar yadda aka riga aka faɗi, Yogacara da farko tana da damuwa da yanayin vijnana da yanayin ƙwarewa. A cikin wannan mahallin, zamu iya tunanin vijnana amsawa ce wanda ya danganta da ɗayan hankali guda shida (ido, kunne, hanci, harshe, jiki, hankali) da ɗayan abubuwan mambobi guda shida (abubuwan da ake gani, sauti, hankali, ƙamshi, abu za a iya riwaya, duk da haka) azaman abu. Misali, gani ko vijnana hankali - gani - yana da ido a zaman tushe kuma abu ne da ake iya ganinsa a matsayin abu. Ilimin hankali yana da hankali (manas) a matsayin tushe da tunani ko tunani kamar abu. Vijnana shine wayarda kai wanda ke yin ma'amala da fasaha.

Ga waɗannan nau'ikan vijnana guda shida, Yogacara ya kara ƙarin abubuwa biyu. Na bakwai vijnana shine yaudarar wayar da kai ko klista-manas. Wannan nau'in wayar da kan jama'a ya shafi tunanin son kai wanda ke ba mutum damar tunani da girman kai. Imani da keɓaɓɓen kuma na dindindin ya taso daga wannan vijnana na bakwai.

Nau'in hankali na takwas, alaya-vijnana, wani lokacin ana kiransa "ruhin sittin". Wannan vijnana ta ƙunshi duk abubuwan jin daɗin abubuwan da suka gabata, waɗanda suka zama zuriyar Karma.

Kusan a sauƙaƙe, Yogacara tana koyar da cewa vijnana haƙiƙa ce, amma abubuwan sani ba na gaskiya bane. Abinda muke tunanin abubuwa na waje sune halittun sani. A saboda wannan dalili, wani lokaci ana kiran Yogacara "makarantar tunani" kawai.

Yaya yake aiki? Dukkanin kwarewar da ba'a fahimta ba ta halitta ta iri daban-daban na vijnana, wanda ke haifar da kwarewar mutum, mutum na dindindin da kuma abubuwanda zasu haifar da gaskiya. A fadakarwa, wadannan hanyoyi biyu na wayewar kai wayewa ake canzawa kuma sakamakon hakan zai iya fahimtar hakikanin gaskiya kuma kai tsaye.

Yogacara a aikace
"Yoga" a wannan yanayin shine yoga na bimbini wanda shine tushen aiwatarwa. Yogacara kuma ya jaddadawa al'adar 'Yan' Ciyar Dama '.

Daliban Yogacara sun sami matakai huɗu na ci gaba. A farkon, ɗalibin ya yi nazarin koyarwar Yogacara don ya san su sosai. A karo na biyu, dalibi ya wuce dabaru kuma ya shiga cikin matakai goma na ci gaban larhisattva, wanda ake kira bhumi. A cikin na uku, dalibi ya gama wucewa matakai goma kuma ya fara kawar da ƙazanta. A cikin hudun, an kawar da abubuwan gurɓata kuma ɗalibin ya fahimci hasken.