Coronavirus: ʻo wai ka mea e loaʻa i ka lāʻau āpau ma mua? Ehia na kumukūʻai?

Inā a i ka wā a ka ʻepekema e hoʻokele e hana i kahi lāʻau lapaʻau coronavirus, ʻaʻole lawa ka hele a puni.

Ke kākau hou nei nā keʻena ʻimi noiʻi a me nā ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau i ka lula i ka manawa o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, hoʻāʻo a hana ʻana i kahi lāʻau lapaʻau maikaʻi.

Lawe ʻia nā hana i hana ʻole ʻia e hōʻoia i ka holo ʻana o ka lāʻau ākea ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa. Akā hopohopo ia ka lāhui e kiʻi i hoʻokahi e lanakila ʻia e nā ʻāina waiwai loa, i mea e pōʻino ai ka poʻe nāwaliwali loa.

No laila, ʻo wai ka mea e loaʻa mua iā ia, ehia nā kumukūʻai a, i loko o kahi pilikia o ka honua, pehea mākou e ʻike ai ʻaʻole e waiho ʻia kekahi?

ʻO nā lāʻau lapaʻau e kūʻē i nā maʻi kūpili pinepine i mau makahiki e hoʻomohala, hōʻoia a hāʻawi. ʻOiai ʻo ia, ʻaʻole hoʻohiki ʻia kā lākou kūleʻa.

I kēia lā, hoʻokahi wale nō maʻi maʻi maʻi kanaka i hoʻopau loa ʻia - ka maʻi puʻupuʻu - a ua hala 200 mau makahiki.

ʻO ke koena - mai poliomyelitis a i tetanus, measles, mumps a me tuberculosis - noho mākou me ka ʻole a me ka ʻole, mahalo i nā lāʻau āpau.

Āhea mākou e manaʻo ai i ka lāʻau lapaʻau coronavirus?

Ke hoʻomaka nei nā hoʻāʻo e pili ana he mau kaukani ka poʻe e ʻike i ka lāʻau āpau e hiki ke pale aku iā Covid-19, ka maʻi hanu i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka coronavirus.

ʻO ke kaʻina hana maʻamau he ʻelima a 10 mau makahiki paha, mai ka noiʻi ʻana a hiki i ka lawe ʻana, ʻoki ʻia i lalo i mau mahina. I kēia manawa, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka hana, me nā mea hoʻopukapuka a me nā mea hana e ʻoweliweli ana i nā piliona kālā e mākaukau e hana i kahi lāʻau lapaʻau maikaʻi.

Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Lūkia ua hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻokolohua o kāna lāʻau lapaʻau Sputnik-V i nā hōʻailona o ka pale pale ʻana i nā mea maʻi a e hoʻomaka ana ka lāʻau lapaʻau ʻana i ʻOkakopa. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Kina ua hoʻomohala i kahi lāʻau lapaʻau kūleʻa e hoʻolako ʻia i kāna poʻe koa. Akā ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopohopo e pili ana i ka wikiwiki o ka hana ʻana o nā lāʻau āpau.

ʻAʻole nō hoʻi lākou ma ka papa inoa o nā lāʻau āpau o ka World Health Organization i hōʻea i ka pae ʻekolu o nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua, ka pae e pili ana i nā hoʻokolohua ākea ākea i nā kānaka.

Ke manaʻo nei kekahi o kēia mau moho alakaʻi e loaʻa ka ʻae ʻana i ka lāʻau i ka hopena o ka makahiki, ʻoiai ʻo WHO i ʻōlelo ʻaʻole lākou e manaʻo i ka nui o nā lāʻau āpau e kūʻē iā Covid-19 a i ka waena o 2021.

ʻO ka mea hana lāʻau Pelekāne AstraZeneca, ka mea i laikini ʻia no ka lāʻau lapaʻau o ke Kulanui o Oxford, ke hoʻonui nei i ka hiki ke hana a puni ka honua a ua ʻae e hāʻawi i 100 miliona mau kaha i UK wale nō a ʻelua paha biliona a puni ka honua - inā pono e kūleʻa. Ua kāpae ʻia nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua i kēia hebedoma ma hope o ka hoʻohuoi ʻia o kahi mea i komo ma UK.

ʻO Pfizer a me BioNTech, ka mea e koi ana i hoʻopukapuka kālā ma mua o $ 1 biliona i kā lākou papahana Covid-19 e hoʻomohala i kahi lāʻau lapaʻau mRNA, e mākaukau e ʻimi i kekahi ʻano o ka ʻae hoʻomalu ma mua o ʻOkakopa o kēia makahiki. makahiki.

Inā ʻae ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hana ʻana i 100 mau kaha ma ka hopena o 2020 a ʻoi aku paha ma mua o 1,3 biliona i nā hopena ma ka hopena o 2021.

Aia ma kahi o 20 nā hui lāʻau lapaʻau ʻē aʻe me nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua e hoʻomau nei.

ʻAʻole lākou a pau e kūleʻa - maʻamau ma kahi o 10% o nā hoʻokolohua lāʻau koʻokoʻo e kūleʻa ana. ʻO ka manaʻolana ka nānā ʻana o ka honua, nā kuʻikahi hou a me ke kumu maʻamau e hoʻonui i ka paʻakikī i kēia manawa.

Akā inā kūleʻa kekahi o kēia mau lāʻau āpau, ʻike ʻia ka deficit koke.

Ua kāpae ʻia ka hoʻāʻo ʻana ʻo Oxford i ka wā i maʻi ai ka mea i komo
Pehea mākou e kokoke ai i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi lāʻau lapaʻau?
Kāohi i ka Nationalism Vaccine
Ke pale nei nā aupuni i kā lākou pili pili i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā lāʻau āpau, e hana ana i nā ʻaelike no nā miliona o nā kaha me ka nui o nā moho ma mua o ka hōʻoia ʻia ʻana o kekahi mea.

ʻO ke aupuni UK, no ka laʻana, ua pūlima i nā ʻaelike i hōʻike ʻole ʻia no nā ʻeono huakiko coronavirus i hiki a kūleʻa ʻole paha.

Ke manaʻo nei ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e loaʻa 300 miliona mau maʻa ma Ianuali mai kāna papahana hoʻopukapuka e hōʻeleu ai i kahi lāʻau lapaʻau kūleʻa. Ua aʻo aku ʻo US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) i nā mokuʻāina e hoʻomākaukau no kahi hoʻōla lāʻau lapaʻau ma mua o Nowemapa 1.

Akā ʻaʻole hiki i nā ʻāina āpau ke hana like.

ʻO nā hui e like me Nā Kauka ʻAʻohe Palena, ʻo ka manawa pinepine ia o ka lako o nā lāʻau lapaʻau, e ʻōlelo nei i ka hana ʻana me nā ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau e hana i "kahi ʻano weliweli o ka nationalism vaccine e nā lāhui waiwai loa."

Hoʻemi kēia i nā kumukūʻai honua i loaʻa i ka poʻe nāwaliwali loa i nā ʻāina ʻilihune.

I ka wā ma mua, ua waiho ke kumukūʻai o nā lāʻau hoʻōla ola i nā ʻāina e hakakā ana e pale piha i nā keiki i nā maʻi e like me ka meningitis, no ka laʻana.

ʻO Dr Mariângela Simão, ʻo ka Hope Luna Hoʻokele o WHO ke kuleana no ke kiʻi ʻana i nā lāʻau a me nā huahana olakino, ua ʻōlelo ʻia he pono mākou e hōʻoia i ka mālama ʻia ʻana o ka nationalism vaccine.

"ʻO ka hana nui loa ka hōʻoia ʻana i ke komo kūpono, i hiki i nā ʻāina āpau ke komo, ʻaʻole wale nā ​​mea hiki ke uku nui."

Aia kekahi pūʻulu hana vaccine ākea āpau?
Ke hana nei ʻo WHO me ka pūʻulu pane o ka maʻi ʻōpala, ʻo Cepi, a me ka Vaccine Alliance o nā aupuni a me nā hui, i ʻike ʻia ʻo Gavi, e hoʻāʻo e pae i ka pā pāʻani.

Ma ka liʻiliʻi he 80 mau lāhui waiwai a me nā ʻoihana hoʻokele waiwai, i kēia manawa, ua hui pū me ka hoʻolālā vaccine ākea i kapa ʻia ʻo Covax, ka mea e hoʻolālā i $ 2 biliona (£ 1,52 biliona) ma ka hopena o 2020 e kōkua i ke kūʻai ʻana a me ka hoʻokaʻawale pono ʻana i kahi lāʻau i ka papa. ka honua ʻO United States, ka mea makemake e haʻalele iā WHO, ʻaʻole kekahi o lākou.

Ma o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai ma Covax, lana ka manaʻo o ka poʻe komo e hōʻoia i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻāina ʻemi haʻahaʻa he 92 ma ʻApelika, ʻAsia a me ʻAmelika Latina i "hikiwawe, kaulike a kaulike hoʻi" i nā lāʻau Covid-19.

Ke kōkua nei kēia wahi i ke kālā ʻana i nā ʻano noiʻi like ʻole a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana a kākoʻo i nā mea hana i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hana i kahi e pono ai.

Ke loaʻa nei kahi kōpena nui o nā hoʻāʻo ʻana i loaʻa i loko o kā lākou papahana, lana ko lākou manaʻo e kūleʻa ana ka mea hoʻokahi i hiki iā lākou ke hāʻawi i ʻelua biliona kaukana o nā lāʻau lapaʻau palekana a maikaʻi i ka hopena o 2021

"Me nā lāʻau āpau COVID-19 makemake mākou e ʻokoʻa nā mea," wahi a ka CEO ʻo Gavi ʻo Dr Seth Berkley. "Inā pale wale ʻia nā ʻāina momona loa o ka honua, e hoʻomau ka pā ikaika ʻia o nā kālepa kūwaho, kālepa a me ke kaiāulu holoʻokoʻa ke hoʻomau nei ka huhū a puni ka honua."

Ehia na kumukūʻai?
ʻOiai hoʻokomo ʻia he mau piliona kālā i ka hoʻomohala lāʻau lapaʻau, miliona he mau miliona i hoʻohiki e kūʻai a hoʻolako i ka lāʻau lapaʻau.

ʻO nā kumukūʻai no kēlā me kēia mahele lāʻau e pili ana i ka ʻano o ka lāʻau āpau, ka mea hana a me ka helu o nā kau i kauoha ʻia. Ke kūʻai aku nei ka ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau ʻo Moderna, i ke komo ʻana i kāna lāʻau ākea kūpono ma kahi mahele ma waena o $ 32 a $ 37 (£ 24 a £ 28).

ʻO AstraZeneca, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia e hāʻawi i kāna lāʻau lapaʻau "ma ke kumukūʻai" - he mau kālā no kēlā me kēia kau - i ka wā o ke ahulau.

ʻO ka Serum Institute of India (SSI), ka mea hana lāʻau lapaʻau nui loa o ka honua e ka leo, i kākoʻo ʻia e $ 150 miliona mai Gavi a me ka Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation e hana a hoʻolako i nā 100 miliona o nā lāʻau Covid-19 kūleʻa no India a me nā ʻāina loaʻa haʻahaʻa a waena. ʻLelo lākou ʻo ke kumu kūʻai kiʻekiʻe he $ 3 (£ 2,28) no kēlā me kēia lawelawe.

Akā ʻaʻole e uku ʻia nā mea maʻi i loaʻa ka lāʻau lapaʻau i ka nui o nā hihia.

Ma UK, e mālama ʻia ana ka lehulehu ma o ka lawelawe olakino NHS. Hiki ke hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia nā haumāna lapaʻau a me nā kahu maʻi, nā kauka niho a me nā veterinarians e kākoʻo i nā limahana o ka NHS e kū nei i ka lawelawe ʻana i ka jab en masse. Ke hoʻomaka nei ke kūkākūkā ʻana i kēia manawa.

ʻO nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe, e like me ʻAukekulelia, ua ʻōlelo lākou e hāʻawi i nā lāʻau manuahi i kā lākou lehulehu.

ʻO ka poʻe e loaʻa nā lāʻau āpau ma o nā hui aloha kanaka - kahi cog nui i ka huila o ka hoʻolaha honua - ʻaʻole e uku ʻia.

Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻoiai he manuahi ka ʻoki ʻana, hiki i nā ʻoihana mālama ola ke hoʻokau i nā kumukūʻai no ka lawelawe ʻana i ke kī ʻana, e waiho ana nā ʻAmelika ʻole i inikua ʻia e kū paha i ka bila no ka lāʻau lapaʻau

No laila ʻo wai ka mea e loaʻa mua?
ʻOiai ʻo nā ʻoihana lāʻau e hana ana i ka lāʻau āpau, ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻoholo i ka mea e wī mua ʻia.

"E hoʻoholo ana kēlā me kēia hui a ʻāina paha i ka mea nāna e pale i ka palekana ma mua a pehea e hana ai," Sir Mene Pangalos - Executive Pelekikena Pelekikena o AstraZeneca i haʻi aku i ka BBC.

ʻOiai e kaupalena ʻia ka lako mua, e hoʻemi ana i ka make a me ka pale ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana olakino e lilo ka mea nui.

ʻIke ka hoʻolālā Gavi i nā ʻāina i kākau inoa ʻia ma Covax, loaʻa kiʻekiʻe a haʻahaʻa paha, e loaʻa nā ana no 3% o ko lākou heluna kanaka, kahi e lawa ai ka uhi ʻana i nā limahana olakino a me nā limahana.

Ke hana ʻia nā lāʻau hou aʻe, hoʻonui ʻia ka hoʻokaʻawale e uhi i 20% o ka lehulehu, i kēia manawa ke hāʻawi nei i ka mea nui ma mua o 65 a me nā hui ʻē aʻe nāwaliwali.

Ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o 20% i nā mea āpau, e puʻunaue ʻia ka lāʻau lapaʻau e like me nā kulekele ʻē aʻe, e like me ka nāwaliwali o ka ʻāina a me ka hoʻoweliweli koke o Covid-19.

Loaʻa nā ʻāina a hiki i Kepakemapa 18 e hoʻopaʻa i ka papahana a uku mua i ka ʻOkakopa 9. Ke hoʻomau nei ke kūkākūkā ʻana no nā mea ʻē aʻe he nui o ke kaʻina hana.

"ʻO ka maopopo wale nō ʻaʻole e lawa ka nui - aia nō ke koena i ka lewa," wahi a Dr. Simao.

Koi ʻo Gavi e koi paha nā mea komo waiwai i nā kaupaona kūpono e wīkī ma waena o 10-50% o ko lākou heluna, akā ʻaʻohe ʻāina e loaʻa nā kōpana kūpono e wīwī i ʻoi aku ma mua o 20% a hiki i ka manawa i hāʻawi ʻia ai nā ʻāina āpau i ka hui i kēia nui.

Wahi a Dr Berkley e waiho ʻia kahi buffer liʻiliʻi ma kahi o 5% o ka huina nui o nā kaha i loaʻa, "e kūkulu i kahi waihona e kōkua ai me nā maʻi kūpilikiʻi a me ke kākoʻo ʻana i nā hui aloha kanaka, e laʻa me nā vaksine ʻaʻohe hiki ke komo ".

Nui nā mea e ola ai ka lāʻau lapaʻau maikaʻi. Pono ia e maʻalahi. Pono e hoʻoulu i ka pale paʻa ikaika a paʻa hoʻi. Pono ia i kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻoili aniani maʻalahi, a pono i nā mea hana ke hoʻonui koke i ka hana.

ʻO WHO, UNICEF a me Medecins Sans Frontieres (MFS / Kauka me ka palena ʻole), ua loaʻa nā papahana hoʻoliʻiliʻi kūpono ma nā wahi a puni ka honua me nā hale i kapa ʻia ʻo "cold chain": nā kalaka anuanu a me nā pahu hau e mālama nā lāʻau āpau ma ke ana wela kūpono ke hele nei mai ka hale hana i ke kahua.

ʻO ka lawe ʻana i nā lāʻau āpau āpau "e koi ʻia he 8.000 jumbo jets"
Akā ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi lāʻau āpau hou i ka hui ʻana hiki ke waiho i nā pilikia loiloi nui no nā mea e kū nei i mua i kahi ʻano paʻakikī.

Pono e mālama ʻia nā lāʻau lapaʻau i loko o ka pahu hau, ma waena o 2 ° C a me 8 ° C.

ʻAʻole ia he mea nui loa i nā ʻāina nui i kūkulu ʻia, akā hiki iā ia ke lilo i "hana nui" kahi nāwaliwali nā ʻoihana a paʻa ʻole ka lako uila a me ka hoʻoilina.

"ʻO ka mālama ʻana i nā lāʻau āpau i ke kaulahao anuanu kekahi o nā pilikia nui loa e kū nei i nā ʻāina a e hoʻonui ʻia kēia me ka hoʻolauna ʻana o kahi lāʻau lapaʻau hou," i haʻi aku ai ke kākāʻōlelo lapaʻau MSF ʻo Barbara Saitta i ka BBC.

"Pono ʻoe e hoʻohui hou aku i nā lako kaulahao anuanu, e ʻike i ka loaʻa mau o ka wahie (e holo ai nā pahu hau a me nā pahu hau i ka nele o ka uila) a hoʻoponopono / pani iā ​​lākou ke haki lākou a lawe iā lākou ma kahi āu e pono ai."

Ua ʻōlelo ʻo AstraZeneca e pono i kā lākou lāʻau āpau i ke kaulahao anuanu maʻamau ma waena o 2 ° C a me 8 ° C.

Akā ʻike ʻia e pono i kekahi mau moho moho i ke kiʻina ultra-cold chain ma -60 ° C a i ʻole ma lalo o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana a me ka hāʻawi ʻana.

"No ka mālama ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau Ebola ma -60 ° C a i ʻole anuanu, pono mākou e hoʻohana i nā pono kaulahao anuanu kūikawā e mālama a halihali iā lākou, a pono mākou e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā limahana e hoʻohana i kēia pono hou," wahi a Barbara. Saitta.

Aia kekahi nīnau no ka heluna lehulehu. Hoʻopaʻa pinepine nā papahana hoʻāʻo i nā keiki, no laila pono pono nā ʻoihana e hoʻolālā pehea e hiki ai i ka poʻe ʻaʻole mahele maʻamau o ka papahana hoʻōla.

Ke kali nei ka honua i nā ʻepekema e hana i kā lākou ʻāpana, ke kali nei nā luʻi ʻē aʻe he nui. A ʻaʻole ʻo nā lāʻau lapaʻau wale nō nā mea kūʻē i ka coronavirus.

"ʻAʻole wale nā ​​hāʻina ʻo Vaccines," wahi a WHO na Dr Simao. "Pono ʻoe i kahi hōʻailona. Pono ʻoe i kahi ala e hōʻemi ai i ka make, no laila pono ʻoe i ka lāʻau a pono ʻoe i kahi lāʻau āpau.

"Ma waho aʻe o kēlā, pono ʻoe i nā mea āpau āpau: ka mamao o ka nohona, ka hōʻalo ʻana i nā wahi i lehulehu a pēlā aku."