He aha ka mea i hoʻokūkū nui i ka Ekalesia ma 1054

ʻO ka schism nui o 1054 i hōʻailona mua i ka rift nui mua loa ma ka mōʻaukala o ka hoʻomana Kalikiano, ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka Halepule Orthodox ma ka Hikina mai ka hale pule Katolika Roma ma ke Komohana. Aia a hiki i kēlā manawa, noho ʻia nā hoʻomana Karistiano ma lalo o ke kino hoʻokahi, akā ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā ʻekekema ʻokoʻa ma ka Hikina i nā ʻokoʻa like ʻole o ka hema. Ua hoʻonui pinepine ʻia nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa ma waena o nā lālā ʻelua a kāpae ʻia i loko o ka Great Schism o 1054, ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo East-West Schism.

ʻO ka schist nui o 1054
ʻO ka schism nui o 1054 i hōʻailona i ka mahele o ka hoʻomana Karistiano a ua hoʻokumu i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma waena o nā hale pule Orthodox ma ka Hikina a me ka hale pule Katolika Roma ma ke Komohana.

Hoʻomaka ka hoʻomaka: No nā kenekulia, ua ulu ka hakakā ma waena o nā lālā ʻelua a hiki i ka wā i ʻohi ʻia ma ka lā 16 Iulai.
Pēlā i ʻike ʻia: The East-West Schism; ka schism maikaʻi loa.
Nā mea pāʻani: Michele Cerulario, Patriarch of Constantinople; Pope Leo IX.
Nā kumu: nā ʻokalokalaka, ka ʻokalekōlika, ka politika, ka moʻomeheu, ka mana a me ka linguistic ʻokoʻa.
Ka hopena: hoʻokaʻawale mau ma waena o ka hale pule Katolika Roma a me ka Orthodox Hikina, nā Orthodox Helene a me nā hale pule Orthodox o Rūsia. Ua holomua nā pilina o waena ma waena o East a me West, akā ua māhele ʻia nā hale pule i kēia lā.
Ma ka puʻuwai o ka haki ka ʻōlelo a ka pope Roma i ka mana a me ka mana o ke ao holoʻokoʻa. Ua ʻae ka hale pule Orthodox ma ka Hikina e hoʻohanohano i ka pope akā ua manaʻo lākou e hoʻoholo ʻia nā mea e ka ʻekalesia e kahi ʻaha kūkā o nā bihopa a no laila, ʻaʻole lākou e ʻae i ka mana o ka pope.

Ma hope o ka hana nui o ka 1054, ua kūkulu ʻia nā halepule hikina i nā hale pule ʻĀina, Helene a me Rūsia Orthodox, ʻoiai ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā hale pule Komohana ma ka hale pule Katolika Roma. Ua mau loa nā lālā ʻelua a hiki i ka waʻa ʻana o ka Puʻuwai ʻehā i hopu iā Constantinople i ka makahiki 1204. A hiki i kēia manawa, ʻaʻole i hoʻoponopono pono ʻia ka schism.

He aha ka mea e alakaʻi ai i ka schism nui?
I ke kenekulia ʻekolu, ua lilo ka Emepela Roma i mea nui a paʻakikī e noho aupuni, no laila ua hoʻoholo ka Emepera Diocletian e hoʻokaʻawale i ka aupuni i ʻelua mau aupuni: ʻo ka Roman Roman Empire a me ka Roman Roman Empire, ʻike ʻia a me kahi aupuni Byzantine. ʻO kekahi o nā kumu kumu i hoʻohuli i nā ʻāpana ʻelua i ka lelo. ʻO ka ʻōlelo nui ma ke Komohana ka Lākina, ʻoiai ka ʻōlelo nui ma ka Hikina he Helene.

Nā hale liʻiliʻi
Ua hoʻomaka pū kekahi e hoʻokaʻawale i nā hale pule o ka Emepaea hoʻokaʻawale. ʻElima mau kūpuna i mālama i ka mana ma nā wahi like ʻole: ka Patriarch o Roma, Alexandria, ʻAnetioka, Constantinople a me Ierusalema. ʻO ka Patriarch o Roma (ka pope) ka hanohano o ka "mua ma waena o nā mea like", akā ʻaʻole ona kuleana ma luna o nā kūpuna ʻē aʻe.

Ua kū mai nā kūlike ʻole i kapa ʻia ʻo "schism liʻiliʻi" i nā kenekulia ma mua o ka Great Schism. ʻO ka schism liʻiliʻi mua (343-398) ma Arianism, kahi manaʻo i hōʻole iā Iesū e loaʻa ka waiwai like me ke Akua a i ʻole like me ke Akua, a no laila ʻaʻole akua. Ua ʻae ʻia kēia manaʻoʻiʻo e ka hapa nui i ka Church East akā ua hōʻole ʻia e ka Church West.

ʻO kekahi schism ʻuʻuku, ka Acaceous Schism (482-519), i pili me ke kūkākūkā ʻana i ke ʻano o ka Karistiano i hanau ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi he ʻano akua a kanaka paha a ʻelua a ʻokoʻa paha nā ʻano kūlohelohe (akua a kanaka). ʻO kekahi schism liʻiliʻi ʻē aʻe, i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka schism Photian, i kū i ka kenekulia XNUMX. ʻO nā pilikia o ka mahele e pili ana i ka celibacy kākau, ka hoʻokē ʻai, ka hamo ʻana me ka aila, a me ka huakaʻi a ka ʻUhane Hemolele.

ʻOiai he manawa pōkole kēia, ua hoʻokaʻawale kēia mau ʻāpana ma waena o East a me West i nā pilina ʻawaʻawa i ka ulu ʻana o nā lālā ʻelua o ka hoʻomana Kalikiano. Theologically, ua hele ka Hikina a me ke Komohana i ko lākou ala kaʻawale. ʻO ka hoʻokokoke ʻana o ka Latin ma muli o ka hana, ʻoiai ʻo ka manaʻo Helene i ʻoi aku ka mystical a me ka speculative. Hoʻololi nui ʻia ka manaʻo Lākina e ke kānāwai Roma a me ka hoʻomana haipule ʻo Scholastic, ʻoiai ʻike ka poʻe Helene i ka hoʻomana i loko o ke akeakamai a me ka pōʻaiapili o ka hoʻomana.

Loaʻa nā ʻokoʻa kūpono a me ka ʻuhane ma waena o nā lālā ʻelua. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻae ʻole nā ​​hale pule he ʻae ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka berena hū ʻole no nā ʻaha kūkā. Kākoʻo nā halepule Komohana i kēia hana, ʻoiai ka poʻe Helene e hoʻohana nei i ka berena hū i ka Eucharist. Ua ʻae nā hale pule o ka Hikina i kā lākou mau kāhuna pule e male, ʻoiai ka poʻe Latina i koi ai i ka male.

Ma ka hopena, ua hoʻomaka ka nāwaliwali o ka mana o nā kūpuna o Anetioka, Ierusalema, a me Alexandria, e lawe ana iā Roma a me Constantinople i mua ma ke ʻano he kikowaena ʻelua o ka mana o ka hale pule.

ʻOkoʻa nā ʻokoʻa Linguistic
ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻōlelo nui a ka poʻe ma ka Hikina Hikina he Helene, ua hoʻomohala nā halepule Hikina i nā hana Helene, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻōlelo Helene i loko o kā lākou hana haipule a me ka Septuagint Greek unuhi o ke Kauoha Kahiko. Ua mālama nā hale pule Roma i nā lawelawe ma ka Lākina a ua kākau ʻia kā lākou mau Baibala i ka Latin Vulgate.

He kumuhana hoʻopaʻapaʻa Iconoclastic
I loko o nā kenekulia ʻewalu a me ka ʻeiwa, ua ala aʻe kekahi hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā kiʻi i ka hoʻomana. Ua haʻi aku ka mōʻī Byzantine ʻo Leo III ʻo ka hoʻomana o nā kiʻi haipule he heretical a hoʻomana kiʻi paha. Ua hui pū nā bihopa he nui me ko lākou mōʻī ka mōʻī, akā ua kūpaʻa ka Church Western i ke kākoʻo ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā kiʻi haipule.

Nā leo kiʻi Byzantine
Nā kikoʻī a Mose o nā kiʻi Byzantine o Hagia Sophia. Nā kiʻi Muhur / kiʻi ʻia
Ka hakakā ʻana ma luna o ka ʻōlelo a Filioque
ʻO ka hakakā e pili ana i nā ʻōlelo filioque i hoʻonāukiuki i kekahi o nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa nui ʻana o ka schism komohana hikina. Ma muli o kēia hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i ka moʻomeheu a me ka hoʻāno wale nō ka ʻUhane Hemolele mai ke Akua ka Makua a i ʻole ka Makua.

ʻO Filioque kahi huaʻōlelo Latina i manaʻo ʻia "a me ke keiki". Ma mua, ua ʻōlelo wale ka Nicene Creed i ka "ʻUhane Hemolele" mai ka Makua mai, "kahi huaʻōlelo i manaʻo ʻia e pale aku i ke akua o ka ʻUhane Hemolele. Ua hoʻohui ʻia ka paukū filioque i ka manaʻoʻiʻo e ka Church West e hōʻike i ka ʻUhane Hemolele mai ka Makua "a me ke Keiki".

Ua koi ikaika ka hale pule ʻo East i ka mālama ʻana i ka hoʻokumu kumu o ka Nicene Creed, e waiho nei i ka paukū o ka filioque. Ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa nui nā alakaʻi ma ka Hikina ʻaʻohe kuleana o ke komohana e hoʻololi i ka manaʻoʻiʻo o ka hoʻomana Kalikiano me ka nīnau ʻole ʻana i ka Church East. Eia kekahi, ua manaʻo lākou ua hōʻike ka mea hoʻohui i ka ʻokoʻa a ka manaʻo hoʻomana theology ma waena o nā lālā ʻelua a me ko lākou ʻike no ke Kahikolu. Ua manaʻo ka Halepule Hikina ʻo ia wale nō ka mea ʻoiaʻiʻo a hoʻokahi wale nō, e manaʻoʻiʻo nei ua hoʻokumu hewa ʻia ka theology Western i ka manaʻo Augustinian, a lākou i manaʻo ai heterodox, ʻo ia hoʻi he unorthodox a mālama i ka heretic.

Ua hōʻole nā ​​alakaʻi o nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua i ka neʻe ʻana i ka pilikia filioque. Hoomaka na Epikopo Hikina e ahewa aku i ka pope a me na hihopa ma ke Komohana o ka manao ku e. ʻO ka hope loa, pāpā aku nā hale pule ʻelua i ka hoʻohana ʻia o nā hana a ka hale pule ʻē aʻe a kipaku ʻia kekahi i kekahi me ka hale pule Kalikiano maoli.

He aha ka mea i hoʻopaʻa ai ma ka hikina komohana?
ʻO ka mea nui loa o nā mea āpau a me nā hakakā i hāpai i ka Schism Nui i kona poʻo ka nīnau no ka mana pule, ʻoiai paha he mana ko ka pope ma Roma ma luna o nā kūpuna ma ka Hikina. Ua koi ka hale pule Roma i ke ʻano poʻokela o ka pope Roma mai ka kenekulia ʻehā a ua ʻōlelo ʻia e mālama lākou i ka mana ma luna o ka hale pule holoʻokoʻa. Ua hoʻohanohano nā alakaʻi o ka Hikina i ka pope akā hōʻole lākou e hāʻawi iā ia i ka mana e hoʻoholo i ke kulekele no nā mana ʻē aʻe a i ʻole e hoʻololi i nā hoʻoholo a nā ʻaha kūkā nui.

I nā makahiki ma mua aku o ka Schism Nui, ua alakaʻi ʻia ka ʻaha pule ma ka Hikina e Patriarch of Constantinople, ʻo Michele Cerularius (ma kahi o 1000-1058), aʻo ka halepule i Roma ma ke alakaʻi a Pope Leo IX (1002-1054).

I kēlā manawa, kupu aʻe nā pilikia ma ka hema o ʻItalia, kahi ʻāpana o ka Byzantine Empire. Ua hoʻouka kaua nā koa Norman, e lanakila ana i ka ʻāina a e pani ana i nā pīhopa Helene me nā mea Lākina. I ka wā i aʻo ai ʻo Cerularius ua pāpā ka poʻe Noremana i nā hana Helene i loko o nā hale pule o ʻItalia hema, ua hoʻopaʻi ʻo ia ma ke pani ʻana i nā hale pule Lākina ma Konatinopole.

Pehu ka lōʻihi o kā lāua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana i ka wā i hoʻouna aku ai ʻo Pope Leo i kāna kumu aʻoaʻo nui he nui nui ʻo Humbert i Constantinople me nā ʻōlelo aʻo e hana i ka pilikia. Ua hoʻowahāwahā nui ʻo Humbert a hoʻāhewa i ka hana a Cerularius. I ka haʻalele ʻana o Cerularius i nā noi a ka pope, ua hoʻihoʻi mua ʻia ʻo ia no ka Patriarch of Constantinople i ka lā 16 Iulai, 1054. I ka pane ʻana, ua puhi ʻo Cerularius i ka bipi papalapa o ka helu a me ka haʻi ʻana o ka pīpī o Roma i mea he heretic. Ua hōʻailona ʻia ma ka hikina hikina komohana.

ʻO nā hoʻāla hou ʻana
ʻOiai ʻo Ka Nui Schism o 1054, ua kamaʻilio mau nā lālā ʻelua i kēlā me kēia i nā huaʻōlelo aloha a hiki i ka manawa o ka Puʻuwela ʻehā. Eia nō naʻe, ma ka 1204, ua hōʻake loa ka poʻe crusaders komohana i ka Constantinople a ua hoʻomāinoino ʻia i ka hale pule nui o Byzantine o Saint Sophia.

Kāluna Byzantine o Saint Sophia
ʻO ka katedela nui o Byzantine, ʻo Hagia Sophia (Aya Sofya), i hoʻopio ʻia i loko o nā ʻāpana o nā maka. kiʻi kiʻi / kiʻi kiʻi ponoʻakika
I kēia manawa no ka paʻa mau o ka haki, ua hoʻokaʻawale nui ʻia nā lālā ʻelua o ka hoʻomana Kalikiano ma ke ʻano aʻo, pili politika, a ma nā mea liturgical. ʻO kahi hoʻāʻo e launa hou i hana ʻia ma ka ʻAha Kūkā ʻelua o Lyons i ka makahiki 1274, akā ua hōʻole nui ʻia ka ʻaelike e nā hihopa o ka Hikina.

A hiki i kēia manawa, i ke kenekulia 20, ua hoʻomaikaʻi ka pilina ma waena o nā lālā ʻelua i mea e holomua ai i ka hoʻōla ʻana i kekahi mau ʻokoʻa. ʻO ke kamaʻilio ma waena o nā alakaʻi i alakaʻi ʻia ai i ka Joint Catholic-Orthodox Declaration o 1965 e nā ʻaha ʻelua Vatican Council ma Roma a me kahi hana kūikawā ma Constantinople. Ua ʻike ʻia ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka pono o nā sacraments ma nā halepule Hikina, ua hoʻoneʻe i ka hoʻokuʻi ʻia ʻana o kekahi a ua hōʻike ʻia ka makemake no ka hoʻomau hou ʻana ma waena o nā hale pule ʻelua.

Hoʻokomo ʻia nā hana hou no ka hoʻolauleʻa ʻana:

I ka makahiki 1979, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo ka Hui Hoʻohui Nui o ke Aupuni no ka Theological Dialogue ma waena o ka hale pule Katolika a me ka Orthodox Church.
I ka makahiki 1995, ua kipa ʻo Patriarch Bartholomew I o Constantinople i ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Vatican no ka manawa mua, e komo i ka lā pule o ka hoʻomana i ka pule me ka maluhia.
I ka makahiki 1999, ua kipa aku ʻo Pope John Paul II iā Rumania ma ke kono a ka Patriarch o ka hale pule Orthodox Romanian. ʻO ka manawa ka mākaʻikaʻi mua loa a ka pope i kahi ʻāina Orthodox Hikina mai ka Schism Nui o 1054.
I ka makahiki 2004, ua hoʻi hou ʻo Pope John Paul II i nā mea i hele i ka Hikina mai Vatican. He ʻano nui kēia hiʻi no ka mea ke manaʻo ʻia nā relics i ka hao wale ʻia mai Constantinople i ka wā ʻehā o ka Crusade i ka makahiki 1204.
I ka makahiki 2005, ua hele ʻo Patriarch Bartholomew I, me nā alakaʻi ʻē aʻe o ka Ekalesia Orthodox Hikina, i ka hale kupapaʻu o Pope John Paul II.
I ka makahiki 2005, ua hoʻohiki ʻo Pope Benedict XVI i kāna hana e hana no ke aloha.
I ka makahiki 2006, ua kipa ʻo Pope Benedict XVI iā Istanbul ma ke kāhea ʻana o ka pelekikena pelekikena ʻo Bartholomew I.
I ka 2006, ua kipa aku ʻo Archb Bishop Christodoulos o ka Greek Greek Church iā Pope Benedict XVI i ka Vatican i ka huakaʻi mua mua a kahi alakaʻi o ka hale pule Helene i ka Vatican.
I ka makahiki 2014, ua pūlima ʻo Pope Francis lāua ʻo Patriarch Bartholomew i kahi ʻōlelo hui e hōʻoia ana i kā lāua kūpaʻa e ʻimi i ka lokahi ma waena o kā lākou mau hale pule.
Me kēia mau huaʻōlelo, ua hōʻike ʻo Pope John Paul II i kāna mau manaʻolana no ka hui like ʻana: “I ka lua o ka milenio [o ka hoʻomana Kalikiano] ua paʻakikī ko mākou mau hale pule i ko lākou kaʻawale ʻana. Eia ke kolu o ka milenio o ka hoʻomana Kalikiano ma luna o mākou. E ala aʻe ka wanaʻao o kēia milenio ma luna o kahi hale pule i piha hou ka lōkahi.

I loko o kahi pule pule i ka manawa o ka la 50 o ka ʻaha kenekulia Katolika-Orthodox hui, ʻōlelo ʻo Pope Francis: "Pono mākou e manaʻo pono e like me ka pōhaku ma mua o ka hale kupapaʻu i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia, pēlā nō kekahi mea pili ʻole i ka launa piha ʻana. e lawe ʻia hoʻi. I kēlā me kēia manawa e waiho ana i ko mākou mau hemahema lōʻihi ma hope o mākou a loaʻa ka wiwo ʻole e kūkulu i kahi kūlana pili fraternal hou, ʻike mākou ua ala maoli ʻo Kristo. "

Mai ia manawa, e hoʻomau ka pilina, akā ʻaʻole mau ka pilikia nui. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohui a ʻo ka Hikina a me Komohana i nā ʻāina teola āpau, ka politika a me nā liturgical.