Ke apo mare ma ka Iudaio

I loko o ka Iudaio, he mea nui ke apo mare ma ka hana male Iudaio, akā ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka male ʻana, ʻaʻole komo nā kāne he nui i ke apo mare no kekahi mau wahine Iudaio, ua pau ke apo i ka lima ʻākau.

na kumu
ʻO ke kumu o ke apo ma ke ʻano he male male ma ka ludaio he ʻano haʻalulu. ʻAʻohe kikoʻī e pili ana i ke apo i hoʻohana ʻia i nā hana o ka male ma nā hana kahiko. Ma Sefer haʻIttur, kahi hōʻuluʻulu o nā ʻōlelo hoʻokolokolo Iudaio mai 1608 e pili ana i nā mea pili kālā, ka male, ka hemo a me (nā ʻaelike male) na Rabi Yitzchak Bar Abba Mari o Marseille, hoʻomanaʻo ka rabi i kahi hana maʻamau a ke apo e like me ka mea e pono ai ka ua ala paha ka male. Wahi a ka rabi, e hoʻokō ke kāne mare i ka hana male ma mua o ke kīʻaha waina me kahi apo i loko, e ʻōlelo ana: "Ke pili nei ʻoe iaʻu me kēia kīʻaha a me nā mea āpau i loko." Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēia i nā hana medieval ma hope, no laila ʻaʻole ia he kumu i kumu.

Akā, no ke kumu o ke kānāwai Iudaio ke apo. Wahi a Mishnah Kedushin 1: 1, loaʻa kahi wahine (ʻo ia hoʻi ke komo ʻia) i ʻekolu ala:

Ma o ke kālā
Ma o kahi kuikahi
Ma o ka moe kolohe
ʻO ke kumu, hāʻawi ʻia ka moekolohe ma hope o ka male ʻana o ka male a hele mai ka ʻaelike ma ke ʻano o ka ketubah i kau inoa ʻia ma ka male male. ʻO ka manaʻo o "loaʻa" ka wahine no ke kālā ke kani haole iā mākou i ka wā hou, akā ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o kēia kūlana ʻaʻole ke kāne e kūʻai i kāna wahine, ke hāʻawi nei ʻo ia iā ia i mea waiwai a ke ʻae nei ʻo ia iā ia ma ka ʻae ʻana i ka ʻatikala. me kahi waiwai kālā. ʻOiai, ʻaʻole hiki i ka wahine ke male me ka ʻole o kāna ʻae, ʻo kona ʻae ʻana i ke apo kekahi ʻano o ka wahine e ʻae ana i ka male (e like me kāna hana me ka moekolohe).

ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo he mea hiki ke lilo i mea haʻahaʻa loa loa, a me ka mōʻaukala ʻo ia kekahi mea mai kahi puke pule a kahi ʻāpana hua, kahi inoa inoa a i ʻole kahi dālā male kūikawā. ʻOiai ʻokoʻa nā lā - ma waena o nā kenekulia XNUMX a me XNUMX - ua lilo ke apo i mea maʻamau o ka waiwai kālā i hāʻawi ʻia i ka wahine mare.

Pono
Pono ke apo i ke kāne kāne a pono e hana i kahi mea maʻalahi me nā pōhaku makamae ʻole. ʻO ke kumu o kēia inā, inā i kuhi ʻia ka waiwai o ke apo, hiki iā ia ke hōʻole ʻole i ka male ma ke ʻano.

I ka wā ma mua, ʻaʻole i hana ʻia nā mea ʻelua o ka mare ʻana i ka male ma ka lā like. ʻO nā ʻāpana ʻelua o ka mare ʻana:

ʻO Kedushin, kahi e pili ana i kahi hana laʻa akā unuhi pinepine ʻia ma ke ʻano he betrothal, kahi i hōʻike ʻia ai ke apo (a i ʻole ka moekolohe a ʻaelike paha) i ka wahine.
ʻO Nisuin, mai kahi huaʻōlelo ʻo "kiʻekiʻe", kahi i hoʻomaka mua ai ka wahine i kā lāua male
I kēia mau lā, mālama ʻia nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ka male ma ke kaʻina wikiwiki i kahi hanana e mau ana ma kahi o ka hapalua hola. Nui a hewahewa nā mele i komo i ka hana piha.

Hoʻokani ke apo i ka ʻāpana mua, kedushin, ma lalo o ka chuppah, a i ʻole ke poʻo o ka male, kahi e kau ai ke apo ma ka manamana lima o ka lima ʻākau a ʻōlelo ʻia nā mea aʻe: "E laʻa (mekudeshet) me kēia apo i e like me ke kānāwai o Mose a me ʻIseraʻela.

Kana lima?
I ka wā o ka male male, kau ʻia ke apo ma ka lima ʻākau o ka wahine ma ka manamana lima. ʻO kahi kumu maopopo no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lima ʻākau ka hoʻohiki - ma nā kuʻuna Iudaio a me Roma - hana maʻamau (a biblically) i hana ʻia me ka lima ʻākau.

Hoʻololi nā kumu o ka hoʻonohonoho helu ʻana a hoʻopili pū ʻia:

ʻO ka manamana lima ka hana nui loa, no laila maʻalahi e hōʻike i ke apo i nā mea nānā
ʻO ka manamana lima ka manamana lima a ka nui e komo ai i ke apo o ka male
ʻO ka papa kuhikuhi, ʻo ia ka mea hana nui loa, ʻaʻole ia paha kahi no ke apo, no laila ke hōʻike nei kona kūlana ma kēia manamana lima ʻaʻole ia he makana ʻē aʻe akā hōʻike ia i kahi hana paʻa.
Ma hope o ka hoʻolauleʻa male, nui nā wahine e kau i ke apo ma ko lākou lima hema, e like me ke ʻano ma ke ao komohana hou, akā he nui nō ka poʻe e komo i ke apo mare (a me ke apo pili) ma ko lākou lima ʻākau ma ke apo manamana. ʻO nā kāne, i ka hapa nui o nā kaiāulu Iudaio, mai ʻaʻa lākou i ke apo mare. Eia nō naʻe, maʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe kahi o ka poʻe Iudaio ka hapa liʻiliʻi, makemake nā kāne e ʻae i ka hana kūloko o ke komo ʻana i ke apo mare a kau ʻia ma ka lima hema.

Nānā: e kōkua i ka hoʻohui ʻana o kēia ʻatikala, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā kuleana "kuʻuna" o "nā kāne" a me "ke kāne a me ka wahine." Aia nā manaʻo like ʻole i nā hoʻomana Iudaio āpau e pili ana i ka male kāne male. ʻOiai e hoʻokau haʻaheo nā rabi Reformed i ka male kāne male a male wahine a me nā ʻaha kanaka conservative i ʻano ʻokoʻa i ka manaʻo. Ma loko o ka Iudaio Orthodox, pono e ʻōlelo ʻia ʻoiai ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia a hoʻokō ʻole ʻia ka male kāne male, ʻoluʻolu a ʻae ʻia ka poʻe kāne a male ʻole wahine. ʻO ka ʻōlelo i ʻōlelo pinepine ʻia e heluhelu ana "Ke inaina nei ke Akua i ka hewa, akā aloha i ka lawehala".