Shamanism: wehewehe, mōʻaukala a me nā manaʻoʻiʻo

Loaʻa ka hana maʻa shamanism ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa i kēlā me kēia ʻano ʻano like ʻole a pili i ka ʻuhane kino i loaʻa pinepine i loko o kahi ʻike maʻamau. He kūlana koʻikoʻi kahi ʻano ka shaman ma kāna kaiāulu a hoʻokō i nā kūlana alakaʻi koʻikoʻi.

Shamanism
ʻO "Shaman" kahi huaʻōlelo maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia e nā anthropologists e wehewehe i kahi hōʻiliʻili nui o nā hana a me nā hilinaʻi, i pili i nā kuʻuna, ka kamaʻilio ʻana a me ka ʻuhane.
ʻO kekahi o nā mea pono e ʻike ʻia ma ka hana shamanistic, ʻo ia ka hopena o nā mea āpau - a me nā mea āpau - pili pū kekahi.
Loaʻa nā hōʻike ʻike no ka hana shamanic ma Scandinavia, Siberia a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ʻEulopa, me ka ʻolua ma Mongolia, Korea, Japan, China a me Australia. Ua hoʻohana nā ʻohana Inuit a me nā Aupuni Mua o ʻAmelika ʻAmelika i ka ʻuhane uhane, a me nā hui ma ʻAmelika Hema, Mesoamerica a me ʻApelika.
ʻO ka mōʻaukala a me ka anthropology
He multifaceted ka huaʻōlelo. ʻOiai e lohe ana ka poʻe nui i ka huaʻōlelo shaman a noʻonoʻo koke i nā kāne lapaʻau ʻAiwi ʻAmelika, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā mea ma mua o kēlā.

ʻO "Shaman" kahi huaʻōlelo maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia e nā anthropologists e wehewehe i kahi hōʻiliʻili nui o nā hana a me nā hilinaʻi, i pili i nā kuʻuna, ka kamaʻilio ʻana a me ka ʻuhane. Ma ka hapanui o nā moʻomeheu kaiāulu, akā ʻaʻole naʻe e pili ana i nā iwi ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, he kanaka maikaʻi loa ke ʻano o ka shaman i hala ka manawa ma hope o ko lākou kāhea ʻana mai. ʻAʻole i haʻi wale kahi mea iā ia he shaman; akā, he inoa i hāʻawi ʻia ma hope o nā makahiki he nui.

ʻO ke aʻo ʻana a me nā hana i ke kaiāulu
I kekahi mau moʻomeheu, shamans pinepine ka poʻe i loaʻa i kekahi ʻano maʻi palupalu, handicap faaletino a deformity a i ʻole kekahi ʻano hiʻohiʻona ʻē aʻe.

Ma waena o kekahi mau ʻohana Borneo, ua koho ʻia nā hermaphrodites no ke aʻo ʻana i ka shamanic. ʻOiai he mea nui ka makemake o nā moʻomeheu i nā kāne he ʻiliʻala, aia i ka poʻe ʻē ke lohe ʻia e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia nā wahine me nā mea maʻi. Ua ʻōlelo aku ka mea kākau ʻo Barbara Tedlock ma Woman i ke Kino o Shaman: Kīnohi i ka Feminine in Religion and Medicine i hōʻike ʻia nā mea hōʻikeʻike i ʻike ʻia e nā poʻe shamans i loaʻa i ka wā o ka Paleolithic i Czech Republic ka wahine.

Ma nā ʻohana ʻEulopa, hana ʻia nā wahine e like me ka ʻakaʻane ma ke ʻano a i ʻole i kahi o nā kāne. Nui nā moʻolelo Norse i wehewehe i nā hana oracular o ka volva, a i ʻole he wahine wahine. I ka hapa nui o ka sagas a me ka edda, nā hoʻomaka ʻana o ka wānana e hoʻomaka ana me ka laina o kahi mele i hiki mai i kona mau lehelehe, e hōʻike ana i nā huaʻōlelo i hala ma hope o nā ʻānela, hoʻouna ʻia e ka volva i ʻelele nā ​​akua. Ma waena o nā kānaka Celtic, loaʻa i ka mōʻī heʻumehana nā kahuna pule i kahi mokupuni mai ke kahakai ʻo Breton kahi i hoʻomaʻamaʻa loa ʻia ma ka wanana a ka wanana.

Ma kāna mau hana ʻo The Nature of Shamanism and the Shamanic Story, ua kūkākūkā ʻo Michael Berman i nā kuhi hewa ʻole e pili ana i ka shamanism, e komo pū ana ka manaʻo o ke kahakaha i loaʻa i nā ʻuhane e hana pū ai me ia. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Berman he mana piha ka shaman maʻa mau nō, no ka mea, ʻaʻohe ʻōiwi maoli e ʻae i kahi shaman i hiki ʻole ke ʻāpono i ka honua o nā ʻuhane. I aku la ia,

"ʻO ke ʻano i kūlohelohe ʻia i nā mea hoʻohanohano, hiki ke manaʻo ʻia i ke ʻano o ka mokuʻāina a me ko ka ʻaha hoʻomana hoʻomana a ʻEliade i kāhea aku ai he mau kāula, ʻoiai ke ʻano pelekikena o ka ʻāina nona ka mea like me kahi kūlana psychotic."

Loaʻa nā hōʻike ʻike no ka hana shamanic ma Scandinavia, Siberia a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ʻEulopa, me ka ʻolua ma Mongolia, Korea, Japan, China a me Australia. Ua hoʻohana nā ʻohana Inuit a me nā Aupuni Mua o ʻAmelika ʻAmelika i ka ʻuhane uhane, a me nā hui ma ʻAmelika Hema, Mesoamerica a me ʻApelika. ʻO ia ka huaʻōlelo, ua loaʻa i nā nui o ka honua i ʻike ʻia. He mea kūpono loa ke hoʻomaopopo i ka ʻike ʻole i ka hōʻike paʻa a me ka konohala e pili ana i ka shamanism i nā honua o Celtic, Helene a i ʻole Roma ʻōlelo.

I kēia mau lā he nui o nā pagan e hahai nei i kahi ʻano eclectic o neo-shamanism. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka hana me nā holoholona totem a holoholona ʻole paha, ka huakaʻi moeʻuhane a me ka noiʻi ʻike ʻike, trance meditation a me ka huakaʻi hele. He mea nui ia e ʻike nui ʻia ka hapa nui o nā mea i kēia manawa e like me "modern shamanism" ʻaʻole ia e like me nā hana shamanic o nā lāhui kanaka. He mea maʻalahi kēia kumu: he shaman kanaka nūhou, i loaʻa ma kahi ʻohana liʻiliʻi o kahi moʻomeheu mamao, i hoʻohelele ʻia i kēlā me kēia lā kēlā me kēia lā, a ʻo kāna hana he shaman i wehewehe ʻia e nā pilikia kūlohelohe o kēlā hui.

He mea kākāʻōlelo ʻo Michael Harner a hoʻokumu i ka Foundation for Shamanic Studies, kahi hui nonprofit e kū nei i ka wā e mālama ana i nā hana shamanic a me nā moʻomeheu waiwai o nā hui kūlohelohe o ka honua. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Harner e hōʻano hou i ka shamanism no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa neo-pagan i kēia manawa, ʻoiai e mahalo ana i nā hana mua a me nā ʻōnaehana manaʻo. Hoʻokumu ka hana a Harner i ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o nā pahu i hoʻokau ʻia ke kumu kumu o ka shamanism kumu a ma ka 1980 ua hoʻolaha i ke ala o ka Shaman: He alakaʻi i ka Mana a me ka hoʻōla. Ua manaʻo ʻia kēia puke e nā ʻano he alahaka ma waena o ka shamanism kūlohelohe a me nā hana hou o Neoshaman.

ʻO nāʻiʻo a me nā manaʻo

No nā shamans mua, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā manaʻo a me nā hana ma ke ʻano he pane no ka pono o ke kanaka e loaʻa ka wehewehe a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kāohi ʻana i nā hanana kūlohelohe. No kahi laʻana, ʻo ka hui hunter i mea ʻae aku i nā makana i nā ʻuhane i hoʻohālikelike i ka nui o nā holoholona a i ʻole ka ulu ʻana o ka ulu lāʻau. Ma muli o nā ʻōpio pastoral ka mea i hiki ke hilinaʻi i nā akua a me nā akua e ʻāpono i ke aniani, i mea e nui ai nā hōʻiliʻili a me nā holoholona olakino. A lilo ke kaiāulu i hilinaʻi i ka hana a ka shaman no ko lākou pono.

ʻO kekahi o nā mea pono e ʻike ʻia ma ka hana shamanistic, ʻo ia ka hopena o nā mea āpau - a me nā mea āpau - pili pū kekahi. Mai nā mea kanu a me nā kumu lāʻau a me nā holoholona a me nā ana, ua pau nā mea āpau i kahi ʻāpana piha. Eia kekahi, hoʻopili ʻia nā mea āpau me kona ʻuhane iho, a i ʻole ʻuhane, hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka mokulele nonphysical. Hoʻonohonoho kēia manaʻo hoʻohālike i ka shaman ma waena o nā ao o ko mākou maoli a me ke aupuni o nā mea ʻē aʻe, e hana ana me ka hoʻohui.

Eia nō hoʻi, no ko lākou hiki i ka huakaʻi ma waena o ko mākou honua a me ko ka honua ākea nui, he shaman ka mea maʻamau i kaʻana i nā wānana a me nā leka i ʻōlelo ʻia me nā poʻe e pono ke lohe iā lākou. He mea maʻalahi kēia mau ʻōlelo a ka mea pono, akā ʻoi aku ka mau manawa ma mua o ke ʻano, he mau mea e kau ai i kahi kaiāulu āpau. I kekahi mau moʻomeheu, ua nīnau ʻia kahi shaman no kā lākou intuition a me ke alakaʻi ʻana ma mua o nā hoʻoholo koʻikoʻi a nā kūpuna i hoʻoholo ʻia ai. E hoʻohana pinepine kahi kaila i kaʻenehana i mea e loaʻa ai ka ʻike i kēia mau ʻike.

ʻO ka mea hope loa, lawelawe pinepine nā shamans i mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻomaikaʻi hou i nā maʻi i ke kino kino ma ka mālama ʻana i ka hōʻemi ʻana a i ʻole hōʻino ʻia e ka ʻuhane o ke kanaka. Hiki i kēia ke hana ma o nā pule maʻalahi a i ʻole nā ​​kikoʻī e pili ana i nā hana a me ke mele. No ka mea e manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia ka maʻi mai ka poʻe ʻuhane ʻino, e hana ka shaman no ka hoʻokuke i nā mea ʻino mai loko o ke kino o ke kanaka a pale i kēlā me kēia mai ka hana ʻino.

He mea nui ia e hoʻomaopopo ʻaʻole i loko o kahi hoʻomana ka shamanism iā ia iho; akā, he ʻālana ia o nā hana ʻuhane waiwai nui i hoʻopili ʻia e ke ʻano o ka moʻomeheu kahi i noho ai. I kēia mau lā he nui nā kānaka e hana nei i nā shamans a hana kēlā me kēia i kahi ʻano kūʻokoʻa a ʻano kūikawā no ko lākou pono kaiaulu a me ka ʻike honua. Ma nā wahi he nui, hoʻopili ʻia nā shamans i kēia lā i nā neʻe politika a ua hana pinepine i nā hana nui i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana, ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea e pili ana i nā pilikia kūlohelohe.