Keeb kwm ntawm Hindu tuam tsev

Da minadeln - Lub Kaum Hlis 26, 2019

Qhov seem ntawm thawj lub tuam tsev qauv tau tshawb pom hauv Surkh Kotal, qhov chaw nyob hauv Afghanistan, los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb Fabkis txoj thaum xyoo 1951. Nws tsis tau mob siab rau ib tug vajtswv, tab sis mus rau huab tais huab tais King Kingishish (127–151 AD). Cov kab ke ntawm kev teev mlom uas nrov ua qhov kawg ntawm Vedic era tej zaum tau muab lub tswv yim ntawm cov tuam tsev ua chaw rau kev teev hawm.

Thawj cov tuam tsev Hindu
Thawj cov qauv ntawm lub tuam tsev tsis tau ua los ntawm cov pob zeb lossis cib, uas tau tuaj txog ntau tom qab. Txheej thaum ub, tej tuam tsev pej xeem los yog zej zog nyob hauv tej zej zog tej zaum tau muab cov av nplaum uas muaj cov ru tsev nqeeb los ua cov quav ciab lossis nplooj. Cov tuam tsev hauv lub qhov tsua muaj ntau nyob rau tej thaj chaw deb thiab muaj toj roob hauv pes.

Cov neeg tshawb keeb kwm hais tias cov tuam tsev Hindu tsis muaj lub sijhawm Vedic (1500-500 BC). Raws li keeb kwm Nirad C. Chaudhuri, thawj cov qauv qhia txog kev teev hawm ntawm tus mlom hnub rov qab los rau xyoo pua XNUMX lossis XNUMX xyoo AD Muaj kev txhim kho hauv kev tsim qauv ntawm cov tuam tsev ntawm lub sijhawm XNUMX thiab XNUMX xyoo AD Qhov theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm lub tuam tsev Hindu cim nws nce thiab nqis raws txoj hmoo ntawm ntau yam dynasties uas reigned hauv Is Nrias teb thaum lub sijhawm, ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam thiab cuam tshuam rau kev tsim kho cov tuam tsev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau yav qab teb Is Nrias teb.

Hindus txiav txim siab ua lub tuam tsev ua qhov kev coj ua tsis zoo, uas coj zoo rau kev ntseeg. Yog li cov vaj ntxwv thiab cov txiv neej nplua nuj tau mob siab txhawb nqa lub tuam tsev kev tsim kho, Swami Harshananda cov ntawv sau tseg, thiab ntau theem ntawm lub thaj ua lub tsev tau ua tiav raws li kev teev ntuj kev cai dab qhuas.

Lub Pallavas (600-900 AD) txhawb nqa kev tsim Mahabalipuram chariot-carved pob zeb cov tuam tsev, suav nrog lub tuam tsev nto moo Kailashnath thiab Vaikuntha Perumal hauv Kanchipuram, yav qab teb Is Nrias teb. Pallavas style vam ntxiv nrog cov qauv kev loj hlob hauv stature thiab cov duab puab ua ntau ornate thiab zoo nkauj thaum lub sijhawm ntawm cov thawj ntawm cov dynasties uas ua raws li, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog Cholas (900-1200 AD), Pandyas cov tuam tsev (1216-1345 AD), cov vaj ntxwv Vijayanagar (1350–1565 AD) thiab cov Nayaks (1600–1750 AD).

Cov Chalukyas (543-753 AD) thiab Rastrakutas (753-982 AD) kuj tau pab nyiaj ntau ntau rau kev txhim kho lub tuam tsev architecture hauv yav qab teb Is Nrias teb. Pob zeb cov tuam tsev ntawm Badami, lub tuam tsev Virupaksha hauv Pattadakal, lub tuam tsev Durga hauv Aihole thiab Kailasanatha tuam tsev hauv Ellora yog cov piv txwv ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub caij nyoog no. Lwm qhov tseem ceeb hauv vaj tsev ntawm lub sijhawm no yog cov duab puab ntawm Elephanta Qhov tsua thiab lub tuam tsev ntawm Kashivishvanatha.

Lub sijhawm Chola lub sijhawm, cov qauv kev tsim kho ntawm cov tuam tsev Indian yav qab teb peaked, raws li pom los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov tuam tsev Tanjore. Lub Pandyas ua raws li tus taw ntawm Cholas thiab txuas ntxiv txhim kho lawv cov Dravidian style, raws li muaj pov thawj nyob hauv lub tuam tsev piav ntau qhov chaw ntawm Madurai thiab Srirangam. Tom qab Pandyas, cov vaj ntxwv Vijayanagar txuas ntxiv Dravidian kev lig kev cai, raws li tuaj yeem pom los ntawm cov tuam tsev zoo ntawm Hampi. Lub Nayaks ntawm Madurai, uas ua raws li Vijayanagar cov vaj ntxwv, tau pab nyiaj ntau heev rau tus kws kes duab vajtse ntawm lawv lub tuam tsev, nqa cov kev txhim kho kom zoo nkauj rau ntau pua txhiab tus ncej thiab siab thiab dai kom zoo nkauj "gopuram", lossis monumental cov qauv uas tau tsim lub rooj vag mus rau cov tuam tsev , raws li pom tseeb hauv cov tuam tsev ntawm Madurai thiab Rameswaram.

Nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Is Nrias teb, tshwj xeeb hauv Orissa ntawm 750 thiab 1250 AD thiab hauv nruab nrab Is Nrias teb ntawm 950 thiab 1050 AD, ntau lub tuam tsev zoo nkauj tau ua. Cov tuam tsev ntawm Lingaraja hauv Bhubaneswar, lub tuam tsev ntawm Jagannath hauv Puri thiab lub tuam tsev ntawm Surya hauv Konarak tau ua lub cim ntawm qhov qub txeeg qub teg qub txeeg qub teg ntawm Orissa. Cov tuam tsev ntawm Khajuraho, paub txog nws cov duab puab erotic, thiab cov tuam tsev ntawm Modhera thiab del Monte. Abu muaj nws Central Indian style. Tus qauv ua haujlwm ntawm Bengal terracotta kuj tau qiv nws tus kheej rau nws cov tuam tsev, tseem paub txog nws lub ru tsev gable thiab yim-sided pyramidal qauv hu ua "aath-chala".

Cov tebchaws nyob rau Sab Qab Teb Hnub Tuaj Asia, ntau lub tebchaws tau tswj hwm los ntawm Indian cov huab tais, tau pom tias kev tsim kho ntau lub tuam tsev zoo nyob hauv thaj av nruab nrab ntawm xya thiab kaum plaub uas yog tseem nyiam cov neeg ncig tebchaws nyiam niaj hnub no. Cov nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm cov no yog cov tuam tsev ntawm Angkor Vat ua los ntawm King Surya Varman II nyob rau xyoo pua 12th. Qee lub tuam tsev Hindu tseem ceeb hauv cov tebchaws Esxias yav qab teb uas tseem muaj xws li Cambodia lub tuam tsev Chen La (14th-14th centuries), Shiva cov tuam tsev ntawm Dieng thiab Gdong Songo hauv Java (XNUMXth-XNUMX xyoo pua), cov tuam tsev pramban ntawm Java (XNUMX lub XNUMX) -X caug xyoo), lub tuam tsev Angkor Srei ntawm Angkor (X caug xyoo), Gunung Kawi cov tuam tsev ntawm Tampaksiring hauv Bali (xyoo pua XNUMX), Panataran (Java) (xyoo pua XNUMX) thiab Besakih Niam Tsev hauv Bali (xyoo pua XNUMX) xyoo pua).

Niaj hnub no, cov tuam tsev Hindu thoob plaws ntiaj teb tsim kev kub ntxhov ntawm cov neeg Asmeskas cov kab lis kev cai thiab nws txoj kev pabcuam sab ntsuj plig. Muaj cov tuam tsev Hindu nyob rau yuav luag txhua lub teb chaws hauv ntiaj teb thiab niaj hnub Is Nrias teb yog fraught nrog cov tuam tsev zoo nkauj, uas pab txhawb ntau heev rau nws cov kev coj noj coj ua. Xyoo 2005, tej zaum lub tuam tsev loj tshaj plaws tau pib siv hauv New Delhi, ntawm ntug dej ntawm Yamuna River. Lub dag zog ntawm 11.000 tus kws tshaj lij thiab cov neeg pab dag zog ua rau lub tuam tsev Akshardham zoo kawg nkaus. Nws yog qhov ua tau zoo kawg nkaus uas qhov kev thov siab tshaj plaws hauv lub tuam tsev Hindu hauv ntiaj teb Mayapur hauv West Bengal tau ua kom tiav.