Coronavirus: ndiani achatora mushonga wekutanga? Zvichaita marii?
Kana kana masayendisiti akakwanisa kugadzira mushonga wecoronavirus, hakuzove nekukwana kutenderera.
MaLabhoritari ekutsvagisa nemakambani emishonga ari kunyora zvekare mutemo panguva inotora kugadzira, kuyedza uye kugadzira mushonga unoshanda.
Matanho asina kumboitika ari kutorwa kuverengera kuburitsa jekiseni iri pasi rose. Asi zviri kutyirwa kuti mujaho wekuwana imwe uchakunda nenyika dzakapfuma, kukuvadza vanotambura zvakanyanya.
Saka ndiani achatora pekutanga, ichabhadhara zvakadii uye, mudambudziko repasirese, tingave sei nechokwadi chekuti hapana anosara?
Mishonga yekudzivirira zvirwere zvinotapukira inowanzo kutora makore kutanga, kuyedza nekuparadzira. Kunyangwe ipapo, kubudirira kwavo hakuna kuvimbiswa.
Kusvika pari zvino, chirwere chimwe chete chinotapukira chevanhu chakabviswa zvachose - chibhokisi - uye chakatora makore mazana maviri.
Zvimwe zvese - kubva kupoliyo kusvika kune tetenasi, gwirikwiti, mamota uye tibhii - tinogara kana kuti tisina, nekuda kwemajekiseni.
Ndirini patinogona kutarisira mushonga wecoronavirus?
Kuyedzwa kunosanganisira zviuru zvevanhu kuri kutoenderera mberi kuti vaone kuti mushonga upi unokwanisa kudzivirira kubva kuCovid-19, chirwere chekufema chinokonzerwa necoronavirus.
Maitiro anowanzo kutora makore mashanu kusvika gumi, kubva pakutsvagurudza kusvika pakuendesa, anotemwa kusvika kumwedzi. Zvichakadaro, kugadzirwa kwawedzera, nevatengesi nevagadziri vari panjodzi yemabhiriyoni emadhora kuti vagadzirire kugadzira mushonga unoshanda.
Russia inoti kuyedzwa kwechirwere chayo cheSputnik-V kwakaratidza zviratidzo zvekudzivirira immune muvarwere uye kubaiwa nhomba kwakawanda kuchatanga muna Gumiguru. China inoti yakagadzira mushonga wakabudirira urikuitwa kuti uwanikwe kune vemauto. Asi kunetsekana kwakataurwa pamusoro pekumhanyisa kwakagadzirwa majekiseni maviri aya.
Kana ivo havasi pane yeWorld Health Organisation rondedzero yejekiseni yakasvika muchikamu chechitatu chemakiriniki ekuedzwa, chikamu icho chinosanganisira kuwedzera kwakawanda kuyedzwa muvanhu.
Vamwe vevatungamiriri vanotungamira vanotarisira kuwana kubvumidzwa kwejekiseni pakupera kwegore, kunyangwe hazvo WHO yakati haina kutarisira hutachiona hwakapararira pamusoro peCovid-19 kusvika pakati pa2021.
MuBritish anogadzira zvinodhaka AstraZeneca, iro rakapihwa rezenisi rekudzivirira kubva kuYunivhesiti yeOxford, iri kuwedzera huwandu hwayo hwenyika hwese uye inobvuma kupa 100 mamirioni madhizaizi kuUK chete uye pamwe mabhiriyoni maviri pasi rose - kana inofanira kubudirira. Zvemakiriniki miedzo yakamiswa vhiki rino mushure mekunge mumwe wevatori vechikamu akambofungidzirwa kusagadzikana muUK.
Pfizer neBioNTech, avo vanoti vakaisa mari inodarika $ 1 bhiriyoni muchirongwa chavo cheCovid-19 kugadzira mushonga weMPR, vanotarisira kuve vakagadzirira kutsvaga imwe nzira yekutenderwa mvumo kutanga kwaGumiguru gore rino. gore.
Kana zvabvumidzwa, izvi zvinogona kureva kuburitsa madhora zana emamiriyoni pakupera kwa100 uye zvingangoita anodarika 2020 bhiriyoni mukupera kwa1,3.
Kune akakomberedza makumi maviri emamwe makambani emishonga anoenderera mberi nemiedzo yekiriniki.
Havasi vese vanozobudirira - kazhinji kacho kungangoita gumi muzana yezvirwere zvekubudirira zvinobudirira. Iyo tariro ndeyekuti kutarisisa kwepasirese, mubatanidzwa mutsva uye zvakajairika chinangwa zvinowedzera kusagadzikana panguva ino kutenderera.
Asi kunyangwe kana imwe yenjodzi iyi ikabudirira, iko kushomeka kuri pachena.
Kuongorora kwekudzivirira kweOxford kwakamiswa apo mutori wechikamu akarwara
Tave padyo sei nekugadzira mushonga?
Dzivirira Vaccine Nationalism
Hurumende dziri kukombama kubhejera kwavo kuwana dzinogona mishonga yekudzivirira, kugadzira zvibvumirano zvemamirioni emadhosi ane huwandu hwevamiriri pasati paine chero chinhu chakasimbiswa zviri pamutemo kana kubvumidzwa.
Hurumende yeUK, semuenzaniso, yakasaina zvibvumirano zvisingazivikanwe zvemari zvitanhatu zvekudzivirira majekiseni anokwanisa kana asingabudirire.
United States inotarisira kuwana mazana mazana matatu emadhiza muna Ndira kubva kuchirongwa chayo chekudyara kuti ikwidziridze mushonga unobudirira. Sangano reU.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) rakatopa zano nyika kuti dzigadzirire chirongwa chekudzivirira vaccine kutanga kwaNovember 300.
Asi hadzisi nyika dzese dzinokwanisa kuita zvakafanana.
Masangano akaita seDoctors Without Border, kazhinji ari pamberi pekupihwa jekiseni, anoti kuita madhiri epamberi nemakambani emishonga kunogadzira "maitiro ane njodzi ekudzivirira nyika pamwe nenyika dzakapfuma."
Izvi zvinobva zvaderedza masheya epasi rose anowanikwa kune avo vanotambura zvakanyanya munyika dzine hurombo.
Munguva yakapfuura, mutengo wemajekiseni anoponesa hupenyu wakasiya nyika dzichitambura kuti dzivirire zvakakwana vana kuzvirwere zvakaita semuzonda, semuenzaniso.
Dr Mariângela Simão, Mutevedzeri weMutungamiriri-Mukuru anoona nezvekuwanikwa kwemishonga uye zvigadzirwa zvehutano, vanoti tinofanirwa kuona kuti hutachiona hwenyika hunochengetedzwa.
"Dambudziko richava rekuona kuwanikwa kwakanaka, kuti nyika dzese dziwane mukana, kwete chete dziya dzinogona kubhadhara zvakanyanya."
Iko kune yepasi rose jekiseni reboka rekushandisa?
WHO iri kushanda neboka rekupindura kwekuputika, Cepi, uye Vaccine Alliance yehurumende nemasangano, anozivikanwa saGavi, kuyedza kuyera nhandare.
Nyika dzinosvika makumi masere dzakapfuma neupfumi, kusvika parizvino, vabatana chirongwa chekudzivirira vanhu pasi rose chinonzi Covax, icho chinotarisira kuunganidza madhora mabhiriyoni maviri (80 bhiriyoni) panopera gore ra2 kubatsira kutenga nekuparadzira mushonga mubhodhi rose. nyika. United States, iyo inoda kusiya WHO, haisi imwe yadzo.
Nekuunganidza zviwanikwa kuCovax, vatori vechikamu vanotarisira kuona kuti nyika makumi mapfumbamwe neshanu dzinowana mari shoma muAfrica, Asia neLatin America zvakare "vanowana nekukurumidza, kwakaringana uye kwakaringana" majekiseni eCovid-92.
Iyo nzvimbo iri kubatsira kubhadhara huwandu hwakawanda hwekutsvaga kwekudzivirira nekusimudzira uye inotsigira vagadziri mukuwedzera kugadzirwa pazvinenge zvichidikanwa.
Kuve nehofisi huru yemiedzo yekudzivirira yakanyoreswa muchirongwa chavo, vanotarisira kuti imwe chete ichabudirira kuitira kuti vakwanise kununura mishonga inodzivirira uye inobudirira majekiseni panopera gore ra2021.
"Nemishonga yekudzivirira zvirwere yeCOVID-19 tinoda kuti zvinhu zvisiyane," anodaro Gavi CEO Dr Seth Berkley. "Kana chete nyika dzakapfuma pasi rose dzakachengetedzwa, kutengeserana kwepasi rose, kutengeserana uye nzanga yose icharamba ichirohwa zvakaomarara sezvo denda iri riri kuramba richitekeshera pasirese."
Zvichaita marii?
Kunyange mabhiriyoni emadhora akaiswa mukuvandudza kwekudzivirira, mamirioni akawanda akavimbisa kutenga nekupa mushonga.
Mitengo padhizaini inoenderana nerudzi rwejekiseni, mugadziri uye huwandu hweyadhi yakarairwa Semishonga kambani Moderna, semuenzaniso, iri kutengesa kuwana mushonga wayo wainokwanisa pachiyero chiri pakati pe $ 32 ne $ 37 (£ 24 kusvika £ 28).
AstraZeneca, kune rumwe rutivi, yakati ichapa mushonga wayo "pamutengo" - madhora mashoma padosi - panguva yechirwere.
Iyo Serum Institute yeIndia (SSI), inogadzira jekiseni guru kwazvo pasi rose, inotsigirwa nemamiriyoni zana nemakumi mashanu emadhora kubva kuGavi neBill & Melinda Gates Foundation kugadzira nekupa mishonga inosvika mamirioni zana emishonga yecovid-150 kubudirira kuIndia uye nyika dzakaderera nedzepakati mari. Vanoti mutengo wepamusoro uchave $ 100 (£ 19) pakushanda.
Asi varwere vanogamuchira jekiseni havawanzobhadhariswa muzviitiko zvakawanda.
MuUK, kugoverwa kwemazhinji kuchaitika kuburikidza nebasa rehutano reNHS. Vadzidzi vekurapa uye vanamukoti, vanachiremba vemazino uye vezvemhuka vanogona kudzidziswa kutsigira varipo veNHS vashandi mukupa jab en vakawanda. Kutaurirana kuri kuitika.
Dzimwe nyika, dzakaita seAustralia, dzati dzichapa mahara mahara kuvanhu vadzo.
Vanhu vanogamuchira majekiseni kuburikidza nemasangano anobatsira - yakakosha cog mune vhiri rekuparadzira pasirese - havazobhadhariswa.
MuUnited States, nepo jekiseni racho ringave remahara, vashandi vezvehutano vanogona kubhadharisa mari yekushandisa iyo pfuti, vachisiya maAmerican vasina kuvimbiswa avo vangatarisana nechikwereti chemushonga.
Saka ndiani anotanga kuzviwana?
Kunyangwe makambani emushonga achizogadzira mushonga, havazosarudze kuti ndiani anotanga kubaiwa jekiseni.
"Sangano rega-rega kana nyika ichafanirwa kuona kuti ndiani anodzivirira kutanga uye kuti vanozviita sei," Sir Mene Pangalos - Mutevedzeri Wemutungamiri Mukuru weAstraZeneca akaudza BBC.
Sekutanga kupihwa kwekushomeka, kudzikisira kufa uye kuchengetedza masystem ehutano anogona kutora pekutanga.
Iyo Gavi hurongwa inofungidzira kuti nyika dzakanyoresa muCovax, yakakwira kana yakaderera mari, ichagamuchira madosi akakwana e3% yevagari vayo, izvo zvaizokwana kuvhara vashandi vezvehutano uye vezvemagariro.
Sekuwedzera mushonga wekudzivirira, mugove unowedzerwa kufukidza 20% yevagari, panguva ino ichipa pekutanga kune vanopfuura makumi matanhatu nemashanu uye mamwe mapoka anotambura.
Mushure mekunge vese vagamuchira makumi maviri kubva muzana, jekiseni racho raizogoverwa zvinoenderana nedzimwe nzira, senge kushomeka kwenyika uye kutyisidzira kuri ipapo kweCovid-20.
Nyika dzine kusvika munaGunyana 18 yekuzvipira kuchirongwa uye kubhadhara pamberi naGumiguru 9. Nhaurirano dzichiri kuenderera mberi kune zvimwe zvakawanda zvezvinhu zvemubairo.
"Chokwadi chete ndechekuti hapazove nezvakakwana - zvimwe zvese zvichiri mumhepo," anodaro Dr. Simao.
Gavi anotsinhira kuti vatori vechikamu vakapfuma vangangoda mishonga yakakwana yekubaya nhomba pakati pe10-50% yehuwandu hwevanhu, asi hapana nyika ichagamuchira mishonga yakakwana yekudzivirira zvinopfuura makumi maviri muzana kudzamara nyika dzese muboka dzapihwa mari iyi.
Dr Berkley vanoti diki buffer inosvika zvikamu zvishanu kubva muzana yemitero iripo ichaiswa parutivi, "kuvaka dura rekubatsira nekuputika kwakanyanya uye kutsigira masangano anobatsira, semuenzaniso kubaya vapoteri vangangodaro hauna mukana ".
Mushonga wakakodzera une zvakawanda zvekurarama nazvo. Inofanira kunge iri nyore. Inofanirwa kuburitsa hutachiona hwakasimba uye hunogara. Inoda iri nyore firiji yekuparadzira system, uye vagadziri vanofanirwa kukwanisa kukwidza kugadzirwa nekukurumidza.
WHO, UNICEF neMedecins Sans Frontieres (MFS / Vanachiremba Vasina Border), vatove nemapurogiramu anoshanda ekudzivirira nyika munzvimbo dzakatenderedza pasirese neaya anonzi "echando ketani" zvivakwa: anotonhorera marori uye mafirita ezuva kuchengetedza mishonga inodziya chaiyo pakufamba kubva kufekitori kuenda kumunda.
Kuunzwa majekiseni epasi rose "kuchada jeti jeti juru"
Asi kuwedzera mushonga mutsva mumusanganiswa kunogona kukonzera matambudziko akakura kune avo vakatotarisana nenzvimbo yakaoma.
Mishonga inodzivirira kazhinji inoda kuchengetwa mufiriji, kazhinji iri pakati pe2 ° C ne8 ° C.
Haisi dambudziko rakawandisa munyika zhinji dzakabudirira, asi rinogona kuve "basa hombe" uko zvivakwa zvisina simba uye magetsi uye firiji isina kugadzikana.
"Kuchengetedza majekiseni muketani yechando ndiyo yatove imwe yematambudziko makuru akatarisana nenyika uye izvi zvichawedzerwa nekuunzwa mushonga mutsva," Barbara Saitta, chipangamazano wezvekurapa weMSF, akaudza BBC.
"Unofanirwa kuwedzera michina inotonhorera, ita shuwa kuti unogara uine peturu (yekumisa mafiriza nemafiriji kana magetsi asipo) woigadzirisa / kuitsiva pavanotyora nekuvatakura kwaunoda."
AstraZeneca yakaratidza kuti mushonga wavo wekudzivirira waizoda keteni yenguva dzose inotonhora pakati pe2 ° C ne8 ° C.
Asi zvinoita sekunge mamwe majekiseni ekudzivirira anodiwa necold cold chain chengetedzo pa -60 ° C kana kudzikira asati asvinudzwa nekuparadzirwa.
"Kuti mushonga weEbola urambe uri pa -60 ° C kana kutonhora taifanira kushandisa michina yakakosha yechando kutichengeta nekutakura, uyezve taifanirwa kudzidzisa vashandi kushandisa michina mitsva iyi yose," akadaro Barbara. Saitta.
Kune zvakare mubvunzo wehuwandu hwevanhu. Zvirongwa zvekudzivirira zvinowanzo tarisa vana, saka vamiririri vanofanirwa kuronga nzira yekusvika kuvanhu vasingawanzo kuve chikamu chechirongwa chekudzivirira.
Sezvo nyika yakamirira kuti masayendisiti aite chikamu chavo, mamwe matambudziko mazhinji akamirira. Uye majekiseni haasi iwo chete chombo chinopesana necoronavirus.
"Mishonga yokudzivirira haisiyo chete mhinduro," anodaro WHO Dr Simao. “Unoda kuongororwa. Unoda nzira yekuderedza kufa, saka unoda kurapwa uye unoda mushonga.
"Zvimwe pane izvo, iwe unoda zvimwe zvese: kushamwaridzana nevanhu, kudzivirira nzvimbo dzakazara uye zvichingodaro."