Izvo zvakakonzera kukakavara kukuru muChechi muna 1054
Kupokana kukuru kwe1054 kwakaratidza kupesana kukuru kwekutanga munhoroondo yechiKristu, nekuparadzanisa Chechi yeOrthodox kuMabvazuva kubva kuChechi yeRoma Katurike kuMadokero. Kusvika panguva iyoyo, Chikristu chose chaivapo pasi pemuviri mumwe, asi machechi kuEast aive achigadzira misiyano yakasarudzika neyedzidziso kubva kuneavo maKumadokero. Kusawirirana zvishoma nezvishoma kwakawedzera pakati pematavi maviri aya uye kwakazopedzisira kwabikwa mune iyo Great Schism zana nemakumi mana nenomwe, inonziwo East-West Schism.
Kuverengera kukuru kwe1054
Kupokana kukuru kwa1054 kwakaratidza kukamurwa kwechiKristu uye kwakatanga kupatsanurwa pakati pemakereke eOrthodox kuMabvazuva nechechi yeRoma Katurike kuMadokero.
Kutanga zuva: Kwemazana emakore, kunetsana kwakakura pakati pematavi maviri aya kusvika azobika paChikunguru 16, 1054.
Inozivikanwawo se: The East-West Schism; kupokana kukuru.
Vatambi vakuru: Michele Cerulario, Patriarch weConstantinople; Papa Leo IX.
Zvinokonzera: ecclesiastical, theology, zvematongerwo enyika, tsika, hutongi uye mitauro misiyano.
Mhedzisiro: Kupatsanurana zvachose pakati peChechi yeRoma Katurike neEast Orthodox, Greek Orthodox uye Russian Orthodox chechi. Hukama hwechangobva kuitika pakati peEast neWest hwave nani, asi machechi anoramba akapatsanurwa kusvikira nhasi.
Pamwoyo wekubvaruka ndiko kwaive kuri kupapa kwechiRoma kurudziro nechiremera. Chechi yeOrthodox yokuMabvazuva yakanga yabvuma kukudza papa asi yaitenda kuti nyaya dzechechi dzaifanira kusarudzika nedare remabhishopi uye, nokudaro, yaisatendera papa kutongwa zvisiri pamutemo.
Mushure mekupokana kukuru kwa1054, machechi ekuMabvazuva akavandukira kumachechi eEast, Greek neRussia Orthodox, nepo makereke eWestern akaumbwa muchechi yeRoma Matavi maviri aya akaramba aine hushamwari kudzamara makurukota eChina Crusade akabata Constantinople muna 1204. Parizvino, kupokana hakusati kwanyatsogadziriswa.
Chii chakatungamira kurusaruko hukuru?
Pakasvika zana rechitatu, Humambo hweRoma hwaive hwanyanya uye hwakaoma kutonga, saka Emperor Diocletian vakasarudza kukamuranisa humambo munzvimbo mbiri: Humambo hweRoma hweRoma uye Hushe hweRoma hwekumabvazuva zvakare seByzantine Humambo. Chimwe chezvinhu zvekutanga zvakakonzera kuti matunhu maviri aya afambe yaive mutauro. Mutauro mukuru kuMadokero waive chiLatin, nepo mutauro wakakurisa ku Mabvazuva uri chiGiriki.
Zvidiki zvidiki
Kunyangwe machechi eMumambo akapatsanurwa akatanga kurega. Madzitateguru mashanu akabata chiremera mumatunhu akati wandei: Patriarch weRome, Alexandria, Antiokia, Constantinople neJerusarema. Patriarch weRome (papa) aive nerukudzo rwe "kutanga pakati pevakaenzana", asi akange asina masimba pamusoro pevamwe vatezvara.
Kusawirirana kudiki kunonzi "zvidiki zvidiki" kwakaitika mumazana emakore pamberi peiyo Great Schism. Iyo yekutanga diki schism (343-398) yaive paArianism, dzidziso iyo yakaramba Jesu kuti iye aive nehumwe uhu kuna Mwari kana akaenzana kuna Mwari, uye saka isiri yehuMwari. Iyi dzidziso yakagamuchirwa nevakawanda muEast Church asi yakarambwa neChechi yeKumadokero.
Kumwe kudzvinyirira kudiki, iyo acacia schism (482-519), yaive nechokuita nekukurukurwa kwechimiro chemunhu aive mumuviri Kristu, kunyanya kana Jesu Kirisito aive nehuMwari-hwevanhu kana maumbirwo maviri akasarudzika (Divine uye munhu). Kumwe kupokana kudiki, kunozivikanwa sePhotian schism, kwakaitika muzana remakore reXNUMX. Nyaya dzekupatsanura dzakanangana nekucheneswa kwekunyepedzera, kutsanya, kuzodza nemafuta uye kufambiswa kweMweya Mutsvene.
Kunyangwe kwenguva pfupi, kupesana uku pakati peEast neWest kwakatungamira kuukama hunoshungurudzika sezvo matavi maviri echiKristu achikura achiwedzera. Rudzidziso, Kumabvazuva neKumadokero vakanga vatora nzira dzakasiyana. Maitiro echiLatin kazhinji aibvakirwa pazvinhu zvinoshanda, nepo pfungwa yechiGreek yaive yakavanzika uye yakafungidzirwa. ChiGiriki chiLatin chaifungwa zvikuru nemutemo weRoma nedzidziso dzezvitendero, asi maGreek ainzwisisa theology kuburikidza nehungwaru nemamiriro ekunamata.
Misiyano inoshanda neyomweya yaive iripo pakati pematavi maviri aya. Semuenzaniso, machechi aisabvuma kuti zvaigamuchirwa kushandisa chingwa chisina kuviriswa pamhemberero dzechirairo. Chechi dzekuMadokero dzakatsigira tsika iyi, nepo maGreek achishandisa chingwa chakaviriswa muYukaristi. Machechi EkuMabvazuva akatendera vapristi vavo kuti varoore, nepo maLatin aimanikidza kusaroora.
Pakupedzisira, pesvedzero yemadzitateguru eAntiokia, Jerusarema neAlexandria yakatanga kupera simba, zvikaunza Roma neConstantinople pamberi senzvimbo mbiri dzesimba rekereke.
Misiyano yemitauro
Sezvo mutauro wakakurisa wevanhu vemuMbabvu yekuMabvazuva aive chiGreek, makereke EkuMabvazuva akagadzira tsika dzechiGreek, vachishandisa mutauro wechiGiriki mumhemberero dzechitendero chavo uye shanduro yacho muchiTesitamende yekare cheGreek Septuagint. Makereke echiRoma aiita masevhisi muchiLatin uye maBhaibheri avo akanyorwa muLatin Vulgate.
Iconoclastic gakava
Mukati mezana rechisere nerechipfumbamwe, kukakavara zvakare kwakamuka pamusoro pekushandiswa kwezvifananidzo mukunamata. Emperor weByzantine Leo III akazivisa kuti kunamatwa kwemifananidzo yechitendero kwaive kwekunyepedzera uye kunamata zvifananidzo. Mabhishopi mazhinji EkuMabvazuva akashandira pamwe nekutonga kwamambo wavo, asi Chechi yekuMadokero yakaramba yakasimba mukutsigira kushandiswa kwemifananidzo yechitendero.
Byzantine icons
Nhoroondo yaMosesi yeByzantine icons yaHagia Sophia. Muhur / Getty Mifananidzo
Kukakavara pamusoro pekutaura kwaFilioque
Kukakavara pamusoro peiyo filioque clause kwakonzera imwe yeaipokana zvakanyanya yekumabvazuva-kumadokero schism. Uku kukakavara kwakanangana nedzidziso yeUtatu uye kuti Mweya Mutsvene unobva woga kubva kuna Mwari Baba kana kubva kuna Baba neMwanakomana.
Filioque izwi rechiLatin rinoreva kuti "uye mwanakomana". Pakutanga, iyo Nicene Creed yakangotaura kuti Mweya Mutsvene "unobva kuna Baba", mutsara wakanangwa kudzivirira humwari hweMweya Mutsvene. Iyo filioque clause yakawedzerwa kune zvakatemwa neChechi yeWestern kuti vataure kuti Mweya Mutsvene unobuda kubva kuna Baba "uye neMwanakomana".
Chechi yekuMabvazuva yakasimbirira pakuchengeta iko kwekutanga kweiyo Nicene Creed, ichisiya iyo filioque clause. Vatungamiriri vekumabvazuva vakapokana zvikuru kuti West haina kodzero yekushandura chitendero chechiKristu pasina kubvunza Chechi yekuMabvazuva. Pamusoro pezvo, vaitenda kuti kuwedzerwa kwacho kwakaratidza kusanzwisisika kwezvechitendero pakati pematavi maviri uye kunzwisisa kwavo Utatu. Chechi yekuMabvazuva vakafunga kuti yaive yechokwadi uye yechokwadi, vachitenda kuti theology yeWestern yakafungidzirwa zvisirizvo pamafungo aAugustine, izvo zvavaiona seheterodox, zvinoreva zvisiri zvechokwadi uye zvekupenga.
Vatungamiri pamativi ese maviri vakaramba kufambisa pane filioque nyaya. Mabhishopi ekumabvazuva akatanga kupomera papa uye mabhishopi kumadokero kwekunyepa. Pakupedzisira, machechi maviri aya airambidza kushandiswa kwedzimwe kereke uye vakabvisa chero chechi yechokwadi chechiKristu.
Chii chakaisa chisimbiso kumabvazuva-kumadokero kupokana?
Iyo yakanyanya kupokana yevose uye kurwa kwakaunza iyo Great Schism mumusoro yaive mubvunzo wechiremera chechi, kunyanya kana papa kuRoma aine simba pamusoro pemadzitateguru eMabvazuva. Chechi yeRoma yakange yatsigira mukurumbira wepapa weRoma kubva muzana ramakore rechina uye ichiti ine masimba kune imwe kereke. Vatungamiriri vekumabvazuva vakaremekedza papa asi vakaramba kumupa simba rekuti vatarise mutemo kune mamwe matunhu kana kushandura sarudzo dzemakanzuru ecumenical.
Mumakore akatangira Great Schism, kereke kuEast yakatungamirirwa neMutungamiriri weConstantinople, Michele Cerularius (munenge muna 1000-1058), uku chechi kuRoma ichitungamirwa naPope Leo IX (1002-1054).
Panguva iyoyo, matambudziko akamuka kumaodzanyemba kweItari, iyo yaive chikamu cheByzantine Kingdom. Mauto eNorman akange apinda nechisimba, achikunda nharaunda uye kutsiva mabhishopi echiGreek nemaLatin acho. Cerularius paakaziva kuti maNorman airambidza tsika dzeGreek mumachechi ekumaodzanyemba kweItari, akazvitsiva nekuvhara machechi echiLatin muConstantinople.
Kupokana kwavo kwenguva refu kwakatanga apo Papa Leo vakatumira chipangamazano wavo mukuru Humbert kuConstantinople nemirairo yekugadzirisa dambudziko iri. Humbert akatsoropodza nehasha uye akashora zvaiitwa naCerularius. Cerularius paakarega kuteerera zvikumbiro zvapaipapa, akadzingwa semutungamiriri weConstantinople musi waChikunguru 16, 1054. Achipindura, Cerularius akapisa nzombe yechipapa yekubvisa uye akazivisa bhishopi weRoma kuti munyengeri. Yokumabvazuva-kumavirira kusagadzikana kwakaiswa chisimbiso.
Kuyanana kuyedza
Kunyangwe iyo Great Schism yechi 1054, matavi maviri aya akange achiri kutaurirana neumwe neumwe nehunyoro kusvika panguva yeChina Crusade. Nekudaro, muna 1204, vekumadokero varwi vakapamba neutsinye Konstantinople uye vakasvibisa kereke yakakura yeByzantine yeSrete Sophia.
Byzantine Cathedral of Saint Sophia
Katuru yeByzantine, Hagia Sophia (Aya Sofya), akabatira mukati medzimba nehove-yeziso lens. funky-data / Getty Mifananidzo
Zvino sezvo kuputika kwacho kwaive kwechigarire, iwo matavi maviri echiKirisitu akawedzera kupatsanuka padzidziso, zvematongerwo enyika uye pazvinhu zveutano. Kuedza kuyanana kwakaitika muChipiri Council yeLyon muna1274, asi chibvumirano chakarambwa zvakananga nemabhishopi EkuMabvazuva.
Kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika, muzana rino ramakore rechi 20, hukama pakati pematavi maviri hwakavandudza zvakakwana kuita fambirouko chaiyo mukupodza kumwe kusawirirana. Nhaurirano pakati pevatungamiriri yakatungamira kugamuchirwa kweJoint yeKaturike-Orthodox Chirevo cha1965 neChipiri Vatican Council muRome nemhemberero yakakosha muConstantinople. Chirevo chakaziva kukosha kwemasakaramende muchechi dzeKumabvazuva, chakabvisa kudzingiswa uye kwakaratidza chishuwo chekuenderera mberi kuyanana pakati pemakereke maviri aya.
Kuedzazve kuedza kwekuyananisa kunosanganisira:
Muna 1979 Joint International Commission yekurukurirano yezvouMwari pakati peChechi yeKaturike neChechi yeOrthodox yakatangwa.
Muna 1995, Patriarch Bartholomew I weConstantinople akashanyira Vatican City kekutanga, kubatana nezuva rekunamatira rekunamatira rugare.
Muna 1999, Papa John Paul II vakashanyira Romania pavakakokwa Patriarch weRomania Orthodox Church. Chiitiko ichi ndiko kwekutanga kwekushanya kwepapa kune nyika yeEast Orthodox kubva kuGreat Schism yezana 1054.
Muna 2004, Papa John Paul II vakadzosera zvimiro zvekuMabvazuva kubva kuVatican. Kuita uku kwakakosha nekuti zvimedu zvaitendwa kuti zvakabiwa kubva kuConstantinople panguva yeChina Crusade muna 1204.
Muna 2005 Patriarch Bartholomew I, pamwe nevamwe vatungamiriri veEast Orthodox Church, vakapinda mariro aPapa John Paul II.
Muna 2005, Papa Benedict XVI akadzokorora kuzvipira kwake kushanda kuti vayananise.
Muna 2006, Papa Benedict XVI vakashanyira Istanbul pakukokwa kwemutungamiriri wemhuri yakatarwa Bartholomew I.
Muna 2006, Bhishopi Christodoulos weGreek Orthodox Church akashanyira Papa Benedict XVI kuVictoria parwendo rwekutanga rwemutungamiriri wekereke yeGreek kuVatican.
Muna 2014, Papa Francis naPatriarch Bartholomew vakasaina chirevo chakabatanidza kuzvipira kwavo kutsvaga kubatana pakati pemakereke avo.
Nemashoko aya, Papa John Paul II akataura tariro yake yekuzobatana pakupedzisira: “Munguva yemireniyumu yechipiri [yechiKristu] machechi edu akasimba mukuparadzaniswa kwavo. Ikozvino mireniyumu yechitatu chechiKristu iri patiri. Dai mambakwedza emireniyamu iyi amuka pane imwe chechi yakave nokubatana kuzere ”.
Munamato yekunamata panguva yemakumi mashanu emakore yekubatanidzwa kweCatholic-Orthodox Chirevo, Papa Francis vakati: "Tinofanira kutenda kuti sezvo iro dombo pamberi peguva rakaiswa parutivi, saizvozvo zvakare chero chipingamupinyi pakudya kwedu kuzere zvakare kubviswa. Pese patinoisa rusarura rwedu rwekare kumashure kwedu uye nekuwana hushingi hwekuvaka hukama hutsva hwehukama, tinobvuma kuti Kristu wamuka zvechokwadi. "
Kubva ipapo, hukama hwakaramba huchivandudzika, asi matambudziko akakura anoramba asina kugadziriswa. Maodzanyemba nokuMadokero haambofi akabatana zvachose pane zvese zvorudzidziso, zvematongerwo enyika uye zvihedheni.