Kutenda kwekutanga uye nheyo dzeBuddhism
Buddhism chitendero chakanangana nedzidziso dzaSiddhartha Gautama, akazvarwa muzana ramakore rechishanu BC mune yava kunzi Nepal neNorth India. Akadaidzwa kuti "Buddha", zvinoreva kuti "akamutswa", awana ruzivo rwakadzama rwehunhu hwehupenyu, kufa uye kurarama. MuchiRungu zvakanzi Buddha akavhenekerwa, kunyangwe muSanskrit iri "bodhi" kana "kumutswa".
Kwehupenyu hwake hwese, Buddha akafamba uye akadzidzisa. Zvisinei, haana kudzidzisa vanhu zvaakange agona paakajekesa. Pane kudaro, akadzidzisa vanhu maitiro ekuzvijekesera. Akadzidzisa kuti kumuka kunouya kuburikidza neako chairo ruzivo, kwete kuburikidza nekutenda nedzidziso.
Panguva yekufa kwake, chiBuddha chaive sekisheni diki rine hushoma muIndia. Asi muzana ramakore rechitatu BC, mambo weIndia akaita chiBuddha chitendero chenyika.
Buddhism yakabva yapararira muAsia yese kuti ive imwe yezvitendero zvakakura zvekondinendi. Kufungidzira kwehuwandu hwevaBhudha munyika nhasi vanosiyana zvakanyanya, pamwe nekuti vazhinji veAsia vanocherekedza chitendero chinopfuura chimwe uye zvimwe nekuti zvakaoma kuziva kuti vangani vanhu vanoita chiBuddha mumakomunisiti nyika senge China. Fungidziro yakajairika ndeyemamiriyoni mazana matatu nemakumi mashanu, zvichiita kuti Buddhism ive yechina pazvitendero zvikuru zvepasi rose.
Buddhism yakasiyana zvakasiyana nezvimwe zvitendero
ChiBuddha chakatosiyana nezvimwe zvitendero zvekuti vamwe vanhu vanonetseka kana chiri chitendero. Semuenzaniso, chinonyanya kukoshesa zvitendero zvakawanda ndechimwe chete kana zvakawanda. Asi Buddhism haisi yechokwadi. Buddha akadzidzisa kuti kutenda kuna vamwari kwaisabatsira kune avo vakaedza kuona kujekeswa.
Zvitendero zvakawanda zvinotsanangurwa nekutenda kwazvo. Asi muchiBuddha, kungotenda mune dzidziso haisi iyo poindi. Buddha akataura kuti dzidziso dzaisafanira kugamuchirwa chete nekuti zviri mumagwaro kana zvinodzidziswa nevapristi.
Panzvimbo pekudzidzisa kudzidzisa nemusoro uye kutenda dzidziso, Buddha akadzidzisa maitiro ekuziva chokwadi iwe pachako. Iko kutarisa kweBuddhism kuri pakuita pane kutenda. Iyo huru chirongwa cheBuddhist tsika ndiyo Eightfold Path.
Dzidziso dzekutanga
Zvisinei nekusimbisa kwaro kubvunza kwemahara, chiBuddha chinogona kunzwisiswa senzira yekudaira nekuraira mune izvi. Uye kunyangwe dzidziso dzeBuddhist dzisingafanirwe kugamuchirwa nekutenda kusingaoni, kunzwisisa zvakadzidziswa naBuddha chikamu chakakosha chechirango.
Hwaro hweBuddhism ndeyechokwadi ina chakakosha:
Ichokwadi chekutambudzika ("dukkha")
Ichokwadi chechikonzero chekutambudzika ("samudaya")
Chokwadi chekuguma kwekutambudzika ("nirhodha")
Ichokwadi che gwara rinotisunungura kubva mukutambura ("magga")
Navo vega, chokwadi hachiite senge chakawanda. Asi pasi pechokwadi pane zvisingaverengeki zvidimbu zvedzidziso pamusoro pehunhu hwehupenyu, iyo yega, hupenyu uye kufa, tisingatauri kutambura. Icho chirevo hachisi chekungoti "tenda" mune dzidziso, asi kuongorora, kunzwisisa uye kuvadenha neruzivo rwako. Iyi ndiyo nzira yekutsvaga, kunzwisisa, kuongorora uye kuona izvo zvinotsanangura chiBuddha.
Zvikoro zvinoverengeka zveBuddha
Anenge makore 2000 apfuura chiBhudha chakakamurwa kuita zvikoro zviviri zvikuru: Theravada neMahayana. Kwemazana emakore, Theravada ndiyo yanga iri chimiro chakakurumbira cheBuddhism muSri Lanka, Thailand, Cambodia, Burma, (Myanmar) neLaos. Mahayana iri kutonga muChina, Japan, Taiwan, Tibet, Nepal, Mongolia, Korea neVietnam. Mumakore apfuura, Mahayana akawanawo vateveri vazhinji muIndia. Mahayana inoparadzaniswa kuita zvikoro zvakawanda zvesekondari, senyika yakachena uye Theravada Buddhism.
Vajrayana Buddhism, iyo inonyanya kusangana neTibetan Buddhism, dzimwe nguva inorondedzerwa sechikoro chechitatu chikuru. Nekudaro, zvese zvikoro zveVajrayana zvakare chikamu cheMahayana.
Zvikoro zviviri izvi zvinonyanya kusiyana mukunzwisisa kwavo dzidziso inonzi "anatman" kana "anatta". Zvinoenderana nedzidziso iyi, hapana "ini" mupfungwa yehupenyu hwechigarire, hwakakosha, hwakazvimiririra, mukati mehupenyu humwe. Anatman dzidziso yakaoma kunzwisisa, asi kunzwisisa kuti kwakakosha kuita pfungwa yeBuddhism.
Chaizvoizvo, Theravada inotenda kuti anatman zvinoreva kuti ego yemunhu kana hunhu kunyepedzera. Kana achinge asunungurwa kubva mukunyepedzera uku, munhu wacho anogona kunakirwa nemufaro weNirvana. Mahayana anosundira iyo anatman mberi. MuMahayana, zviitiko zvese hazvina hunhu uye zvinotora kuzivikanwa chete zvine chekuita nezvimwe zviitiko. Iko hakuna chechokwadi kana chisiri kwechokwadi, chete hukama. Iko kudzidzisa kweMahayana kunodaidzwa kuti "shunyata" kana "kushaya basa".
Uchenjeri, tsitsi, hunhu
Huchenjeri netsitsi zvinonzi ndiwo maziso maviri echiBuddha. Uchenjeri, kunyanya muMahayana Buddhism, inoreva kuzadzikiswa kweatman kana shunyata. Pane mazwi maviri akashandurwa se "tsitsi": "metta uye" karuna ". Metta runako kune vese vanhu, pasina rusarura, irwo rusina chekuzvibatanidza. Karuna zvinoreva kunzwira tsitsi uye rudo runotapira, kuda kutakura kurwadziwa kwevamwe, uye pamwe netsitsi. Avo vakagadzirisa hunhu uhwu vachapindura kumamiriro ese nenzira kwayo, maererano nedzidziso yechiBhudha.
Dzidziso dzenhema pamusoro pechiBuddha
Pane zvinhu zviviri izvo vanhu vazhinji vanofunga kuti vanoziva nezvechiBuddha: izvo maBuddha anotenda mukuzvarwa patsva uye kuti vese maBuddha vanhu vembiri. Izvi zvirevo zviviri hazvisi zvechokwadi, zvakadaro. Dzidziso dzechiBhudha pakuzvarwa patsva dzakasiyana zvakanyanya nezvinodaidzwa nevanhu vazhinji kuti "kuzvarwa patsva". Uye kunyangwe kusadya nyama kuchikurudzirwa, mumasekete mazhinji kunoonekwa sekuzvisarudzira, kwete chinodikanwa.