Iyo Baltimore miziyamu inoratidza iyo yapakati medieval yakashandiswa naSt.Francis weAssisi
Anopfuura mazana masere emakore apfuura, St. Francis weAssisi neshamwari dzake netsaona vakavhura bhuku reminamato katatu muchechi yavo yepanishi yeSan Nicolò muItari.
Vanoshuvira kuti Mwari avatumire meseji, vanhu vakapfuma vechidiki vakasangana nemanyorero mumunamato kamwechete pamunhu mumwe nemumwe weVamwari vatsvene.
Zvinoshamisa kuti imwe neimwe yemavhesi matatu eEvhesi yavakaburitswa yaive nemirairo yakafanana: kurega zvinhu zvepasi uye kutevera Kristu.
Vachitora mazwi aya pamoyo, St. Francis akatanga mutemo wehupenyu waizotonga izvo zvaizove Order yake yeFriars Little. MaFranciscans akagamuchira hurombo hwakakura kuti aswedere pedyo naKristu uye nekuparidzira vamwezve.
Iro bhuku rakafuridzira St. Francis muna 1208 rinofanira kukurudzira zviuru zvevamwe, seWalters Art Museum muBaltimore inozviratidza kekutanga muruzhinji mumakore makumi mana, kubva munaFebruary 40 kusvika May 1.
Missal yakadzorerwa yaSt.Francis, chinyorwa chezana ramakore rechigumi nemaviri chakabvunzwa naSt.
Kurasikirwa kweLatin, uko kune kuverenga kweVhangeri uye minamato yakashandiswa pamasisa, kwakaitwa nekuedza kwakateteka kwemakore maviri ekuchengetedza kuchengetedza kwakagadzirirwa kugadzirisa mazana emazana emari yemari.
Iyo yekupotsa, kunyanya inodiwa nevaKatorike, haisiriyo inguva yekumberi. Sezvo akabatwa nemusande, anoonekwawo nevakawanda kuva chidimbu chechitendero.
"Ichi ndicho chinyorwa chedu chakakumbirwa zvikuru," akadaro Lynley Herbert, mupepeti wemabhuku asingawanzo uye zvinyorwa zveWalters.
Herbert akataura kuti maFranciscans kubva pasirese nyika vakashanyira maWalters kwemakumi emakore kuti vatore pfungwa yebhuku rakavhenekerwa zvakanyanya. Nekuda kwekureva kwayo nzanga yeFrancisan, maWalters vakamutendera kuti azvione kunyangwe mamiriro ezvinhu asina kusimba emanyoro airitambidza kubva pachena.
"Tave nzvimbo yekufambira," akatsanangura Herbert. "Ini ndinogona kutaurwa pamwedzi, kana zvisiri vhiki nevhiki, nezvikumbiro zvekuona bhuku iri."
Herbert akataura kuti missal yakatumirwa kuChechi yeSan Nicolò muAssisi. Chinyorwa mukati mechinyorwa chinoratidza kuti mupi webhuku aigara muAsisi muma1180 nema1190.
"Chinyorwa chingangodaro chakaitwa nguva pfupi isati yasvika 1200," akaudza Katurike Ongororo, nhepfenyuro yenhau yeArchdiocese yeBaltimore. "Muzana ramakore rechigumi nemashanu, yaifanirwa kuwedzera nekuti kusunga kwacho pamwe kwakatanga kudonha mushure memazana emakore ekushandiswa."
Musangano weSan Francesco unofungidzirwa kuti wakaitirwa muSan Nicolò kudzamara kudengenyeka kwenyika kwakanganisa kereke muzana remakore reXNUMX. Zvigadzirwa zvechechi zvakabva zvaparadzirwa uye kereke yakabviswa. Zvese zvasara nhasi ichurch yakachekwa.
Henry Walters, ane hunyanzvi hwekuunganidza hwakave hwaro hweWalters Art Museum, akatenga Missal yaSt. Francis kubva kune mutengesi wehunyanzvi muna 1924, sekureva kwaHerbert.
Quandt akati chinonyanya kunetsa kugadziriswa kwemapuranga egumi nemakumi mana emapuranga akabatsira kubata bhuku racho pamwechete. Mabhodhi nemamwe mapeji ematehwe akange arwiswa kare noutachiona uye aive asiya maburi mazhinji, akadaro.
Quandt naMagee vakabvisa mabhodhi ndokuisa peji rebhuku nepeji. Ivo vanozadza maburi neakanamatira akakosha kusimbisa huni, kugadziridza mapeji ndokutsiva musana weganda neganda idzva. Chinyorwa chose chakadzikamiswa uye chakasonanidzwa pamwechete.
Mukushanda pachirongwa ichi, vanochengetedza vakaona kuti kusiyana nezvaitarisirwa nemunhu muzvinyorwa zvine mutsindo kudaro, shizha regoridhe harina kushandiswa muSt. Francis Missal. Vanyori vaivhenekera mapeji echeki pachinzvimbo vakashandisa shizha resirivheri raive rakanamirwa nerudzi rwependi yaiita kuti iratidzike segoridhe.
Ichishandisa magetsi eruwarevhi uye infrared, timu yeWalters yakacherechedzawo zvimwe zvikanganiso zvakaitwa nevanyori mukugadzira bhuku remunamato: izwi, chirevo kana kunyange ndima dzese dzaive dzisipo pakutevedzera zvinyorwa zvitsvene.
"Kazhinji, munyori aigona kungotora chinyoreso chake uye kucheka pamusoro (pecheche) zvakanyanya, zvakanyatsonaka kubvisa tsamba isina kunyorwa zvakanaka kana izwi," akadaro Quandt. "Uyezve vaizonyora nezvazvo."
Nepo vachengeti vakashanda pakuchengetedza runyorwa, peji rega rega rakaiswa padhijitari kuitira kuti chero munhu ane mukana weInternet kutenderera pasirese aone nekudzidza bhuku racho. Ichave iripo kuburikidza neWalters 'Ex-Libris webpage, https://manuscripts.thewalters.org, nekutsvaga "The Missal of St. Francis".
Chiratidziro ichi chichaisawo zvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda, zvinosanganisira kupenda, nyanga dzenzou uye maceramics kubva panguva dzakasiyana siyana, zvichiratidza "zvakasiyana mafambiro anoita runyoro urwu nekufamba kwenguva uye kuti runobata sei vanhu vakasiyana," akadaro Herbert.
Pamusoro pezvinyorwa zvine chekuita nemupiro waSt.Francisis musangano reFranciscan, pachave nezvinhu zvine hukama naSt.Clare, mukadzi wekutanga kutevera St. Francis, naSt.Anthony wePadua, avo vakatarisa pakuparidza nekuparadzira Mharidzo yeFranciscan, akadaro. Herbert.
"Pane zvakare nyaya ichatarisa kuzvipira kwakazvimirira uye maSecific Franciscans," akadaro.
Herbert akacherekedza kuti missal pachayo ine mapeji matatu akazadzwa nemavhenekera ane mavara, kusanganisira mufananidzo wakajeka wekurovererwa kunoratidza Kristu pamuchinjikwa nevatumwa vaviri pamusoro. Maria naSt.
Chiratidziro chemahara, chakatsigirwa muchidimbu neArchdiocese yeBaltimore, chaipokana nebhuku rakavhurika pane chimwe chezvikamu zvitatu zveGwaro reEvhangeri rakaverengwa naSt. verenga.
"Kana iro gwaro rakaratidzirwa munguva yakapfuura, rakagara rakavhurika kune chimwe chezvivheneko - izvo chaizvo zvinofadza," akadaro Herbert. "Asi takafunga nezvazvo kwenguva yakareba uye takafunga kuti zvingave zvine musoro kuti vanhu vauye kuzozviona pachiratidziro ichi kana tikaratidza kuvhura uko St Francis angave akanyatsobatana nazvo."
Matysek mupepeti wedhijitari weArchdiocese yeBaltimore.