Chechi yeChena Sepulcher: kuvakwa nenhoroondo yenzvimbo dzoutsvene muchiKristu
Chechi yeChitsvene Sepulcher, yakatanga kuvakwa muzana ramakore rechina AD, ndiyo imwe yenzvimbo dzinoyera kwazvo muchiKristu, inoremekedzwa senzvimbo yekurovererwa, kuvigwa uye kumuka kwevakavamba Jesu Kristu. Inowanikwa mumakakatanwa eIsrael / Palestine guta guru reJerusarema, Chechi inogoverwa nemapoka matanhatu echiKristu akasiyana: Greek Orthodox, Latin (Roma Katurike), Armenian, Coptic, Syriac Jacobite, uye Ethiopia.
Kubatana kwakagovaniswa uye kusagadzikana uku kuratidzwa kweshanduko uye kupesana kwakaitika muchiKristu pamusoro pemakore mazana manomwe kubva payakavakwa kekutanga.
Kuziva guva raKristu
Sekureva kwevanyori venhau dzakaitika, mushure meMutongi weByzantine, Constantine Mukuru akatendeuka kuva chiKristu kutanga kwezana ramakore rechina AD, akaedza kutsvaga nekuvaka machechi munzvimbo yekuzvarwa kwaJesu, kurovererwa nekumuka. Amai vaConstantine, Empress Helen (250-330 AD), akaenda kuNyika Tsvene mugore ra326 AD ndokutaura nevaKristu vaigara imomo, kusanganisira Eusebius (munenge muna 260-340), munyori wenhoroondo wechiKirisito wekutanga.
Jerusarema maKristu panguva iyoyo aive nechokwadi chekuti Guva raKristu raive panzvimbo yaive kunze kwemasvingo eguta asi zvino yaive mukati memasvingo matsva eguta. Ivo vaitenda kuti yaive pasi petembere yakatsaurirwa kunaVenus - angave Jupiter, Minerva kana Isis, mishumo inosiyana - iyo yakavakwa namambo weRoma Hadrian muna 135 AD.
Kuvaka kereke yaConstantine
Constantine akatumira vashandi kuJerusarema avo, vachitungamirwa nemugadziri wake Zenobius, vakaputsa tembere ndokuwana pasi payo makuva akati wandei akange akachekwa mugomo. Varume vaConstantine vakasarudza iyo yavaifunga kuti yaive chaiyo ndokutema chikomo kuitira kuti guva rizosara mune dombo rematombo. Vakabva vashongedza chivharo nemakoramu, denga uye vharanda.
Pedyo neguva paive nejecha regomo rejecha ravakacherekedza seCalvari kana Gorogota, pakanzi Jesu akarovererwa. Vashandi vakacheka dombo uye zvakare vakariputira, vachivaka ruvanze rwaive padyo kuitira kuti dombo iri mukona yekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva.
Chechi yerumuko
Pakupedzisira, vashandi vakavaka kereke hombe yemhando yechechi, inonzi Martyrium, yakatarisana kumadokero yakanangana nechivanze chakavhurika. Yakanga iine marble facade ine mavara, pasi remosisi, siringi yakafukidzwa negoridhe uye mukati memadziro emarble mavara. Nzvimbo inoera yaive nemakoramu gumi nemaviri emarble akavezwa nembiya dzesirivha kana urni, mamwe acho achakachengetedzwa. Pamwe chete, zvivakwa zvakadaidzwa kuti Chechi Yekumuka.
Nzvimbo iyi yakatsaurirwa munaGunyana wegore ra335, chiitiko chakaramba chichipembererwa se "Holy Cross Day" mune kumwe kureurura kwechiKristu. Chechi yeRumuko neJerusarema yakaramba iri pasi pekudzivirirwa kwechechi yeByzantine kwemazana matatu emakore akatevera.
Zoroastrian uye Islamic Basa
Muna 614, vaZoroaster vePersia pasi peChosroes II vakapinda muPalestine uye, panguva iyi, vazhinji vechechi yaConstantine neguva zvakaparadzwa. Muna 626, tateguru weJerusarema Modesto akadzorera chechi. Makore maviri gare gare, mambo weByzantine Heraclius akakunda nekuuraya Chosroes.
Muna 638 Jerusarema rakawira kuna caliph wechiIslam Omar (kana Umar, 591-644 AD). Kutevera zvinorairwa neKoran, Omar akanyora Chibvumirano chinoshamisa che'Umar, chibvumirano natateguru wechiKristu Sopronios. Masara akasara enharaunda dzechiJuda neechiKristu aive nechinzvimbo cha ahl al dhimma (vanhu vakachengetedzwa) uye, semhedzisiro, Omar akavimbisa kuchengetedza hutsvene hwenzvimbo dzese dzechiKristu nedzechiJudha muJerusarema. Panzvimbo pokupinda, Omar akanamata ari kunze kweChechi yeRumuko, achiti kunamatira mukati kwaizoiita nzvimbo tsvene yeMuslim. Iyo Omar Mosque yakavakwa muna 935 kurangarira nzvimbo iyoyo.
Caliph anopenga, al-Hakim bin-Amr Allah
Pakati pa1009 na1021, Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bin-Amr Allah, anozivikanwa sa "madaliph" mumabhuku eWestern, akaparadza kereke zhinji yekumuka, kusanganisira kuputswa kweguva raKristu, uye akarambidza kunamatira kwevaKristu. pane saiti. Kudengenyeka kwenyika muna 1033 kwakawedzera kukuvara.
Mushure mekufa kwaHakim, mwanakomana wecaliph al-Hakim Ali az-Zhahir akabvumidza kuvaka patsva kweSepulcher neGolgotha. Iwo mabasa ekudzoreredza akatanga muna 1042 pasi paByzantine Emperor Constantine IX Monomachos (1000-1055). uye guva rakatsiviwa muna 1048 nemufananidzo wakadzikama weakautangira. Guva rakatemwa nematombo rakange raenda, asi chivakwa chakavakwa panzvimbo iyi; iyo yazvino aedicule yakavakwa muna 1810.
Crusader inogadzirisazve
Hondo dzehondo dzakatangwa neVa Knights Templar vakatsamwiswa zvakanyanya, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, zviitiko zvaHakim Benzi, ndokutora Jerusarema muna 1099. VaKristu vaitonga Jerusarema kubva muna 1099-1187. Pakati pa1099 na1149, maCrusader akafukidza ruvanze nedenga, vakabvisa kumberi kwerotunda, vakavakazve uye vakagadzirisa kereke zvekuti yakatarisana nekumabvazuva, ndokufambisa musuwo kudivi razvino rekumaodzanyemba, Parvis, iyo ndiwo mapindiro anoita vashanyi nhasi.
Kunyangwe kugadziriswa kudiki kwakawanda kwekukuvara kwakakonzerwa nezera nekudengenyeka kwenyika kwakaitwa nevakagovana vakasiyana siyana mumakuva akatevera, basa rakakura reVarwi veCrus-zana-zana rinoita chikamu chikuru cheizvo Chechi yeChitsvene Sepulcher nhasi.
Chapels uye maficha
Kune akawanda makamuri uye anonzi mazita niches mukati meCHS, mazhinji acho ane mazita akasiyana mumitauro yakasiyana. Zvizhinji zvezvinhu izvi yaive temberi dzakavakirwa kurangarira zviitiko zvakaitika kumwe kunhu muJerusarema, asi matembere akaendeswa kuChechi yeChitsvene Sepulcher, nekuti kunamata kwevaKristu kwainetsa muguta. Izvi zvinosanganisira asi hazvirevi kune:
Iyo Aedicule - chivakwa chiri pamusoro peguva raKristu, yazvino vhezheni yakavakwa muna 1810
Tomb reGiuseppe d'Arimatea - pasi pesimba revaSyro-Jacobites
Anastasia Rotunda: anoyeuka kumuka kwevakafa
Chapel yeChiono kuMhandara - pasi pesimba revaRoma Katurike
Mbiru dzeMhandara: Greek Orthodox
Chaperi yekutsvaga kwemuchinjikwa wechokwadi: maRoma Katurike
Chael weSt. Varian —Etiopians
Parvis, mukova wakakomberedzwa, juri rakagovaniswa nemaGreek, maKatorike nemaArmenian
Dombo rekuzodza - uko kwakazodzwa mutumbi waJesu mushure mekubviswa pamuchinjikwa
Chaperi yeVatatu Maria - inorangarira uko Maria (amai vaJesu), Mary Magadharini naMaria weClopa vakaona kuroverwa pamuchinjikwa
Iyo chapel yeSan Longino: mukuru wezana weRoma akabaya Kristu ndokutendeuka kuva chiKristu
Helen's Chapel - kurangarira Empress Helen