Hupenyu uye huzivi hwaConfucius

Confucius (551-479 BC), muvambi wehunyanzvi anozivikanwa seConfucianism, aive muzivi wechiChinese uye mudzidzisi akashandisa hupenyu hwake achibata nemabatiro ehunhu. Ainzi Kong Qiu pakuzvarwa uye aizivikanwawo saKong Fuzi, Kong Zi, K'ung Ch'iu kana Master Kong. Zita rekuti Confucius kushandurwa kweKong Fuzi, uye rakatanga kushandiswa nenyanzvi dzechiJesuit dzakashanyira China ndokudzidza nezvazvo muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX AD.

Chokwadi chinokurumidza: Confucius
Zita rizere: Kong Qiu (pakuzvarwa). Iyo inozivikanwawo seKong Fuzi, Kong Zi, K'ung Ch'iu kana Master Kong
Anozivikanwa ne: muzivi, muvambi weConfucianism
Akazvarwa: 551 BC muQufu, China
Vakafa: 479 BC muQufu, China
Vabereki: Shuliang Iye (baba); Yan clan nhengo (amai)
Muroora: Qiguan
Vana: Bo Yu (anonziwo Kong Kong Li)
Hupenyu hwepakutanga
Kunyangwe Confucius akararama mukati mezana rechishanu BC, nhoroondo yake haina kunyorwa kutozosvikira mudzinza weHan, makore mazana mana gare gare, mune zvinyorwa zveGreat Historian kana Shiji weSima Qian. Confucius akaberekwa kubva kune imwe mhuri yakanga yakazvimirira mune imwe diki inonzi Lu, kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweChina muna 400 BC, nguva pfupi isati yasvika yekune nyonganiso yezvematongerwo enyika inozivikanwa seWarring States Period. Shanduro dzakasiyana-siyana dzeShiji dzinoratidza kuti baba vake vaive vakura, vangangosvika makumi manomwe, panguva iyo amai vake vaingova namakore gumi nemashanu, uye mubatanidzwa ungangove uri kunze kwemuchato.

Baba vaConfucius vakafa vachiri vadiki uye vakarererwa muhurombo naamai vavo. Maererano neThe Analections, muunganidzwa wedzidziso uye mazwi anokonzerwa naConfucius, akawana hunyanzvi hwekuzvininipisa kubva pakushairwa kukosha kubva mukurera kwake zvisina kunaka, kunyangwe chinzvimbo chake senhengo yemhuri yaive yemberi yakamupa mukana wekuita zvido zvake zvedzidzo. Confucius aine makore 19, akaroora Qiguan, kunyange akakurumidza kubva kwaari. Iwo marekodhi anosiyana, asi vaviri vacho vanozivikanwa kuve vakave nemwana mumwe, Bo Yu (anonziwo Kong Li).

Makore mushure
Pamakore angangoita makumi matatu, Confucius akatanga basa, achitora zvekutungamira uye, gare gare, zvinzvimbo zvematongerwo enyika yenyika yeLu nemhuri yayo inotonga. Panguva yaakasvika makore makumi mashanu, akange aora moyo nehuori nemhirizhonga yehupenyu hwematongerwo enyika, ndokutanga rwendo rwemakore gumi nemaviri kuburikidza neChina, achiunganidza vadzidzi nekudzidzisa.

Chinyanyo kuzivikanwa nezvekuguma kwehupenyu hwaConfucius, kunyangwe zvichifungidzirwa kuti akapedza makore aya achinyora zvaaiita nedzidziso. Mudzidzi waaida kwazvo nemwanakomana wake mumwechete vese vakafa panguva iyi, uye dzidziso yaConfucius yakanga isina kuvandudza mamiriro ehurumende. Akafanoona kutanga kwenguva yeHondo dzeMatunhu uye akatadza kudzivirira mhirizhonga. Confucius akafa muna 479 BC, kunyangwe zvake zvidzidzo nenhaka zvakapfuudzwa kwemazana emakore.

Dzidziso dzaConfucius
ChiConfucius, ichibva muzvinyorwa uye dzidziso yaConfucius, ndiyo tsika yakanangana nekuwana nekuchengetedza hukama hwenzanga. Kubatana uku kunogona kuwanikwa nekuenderera mberi kuchikurudzirwa nekuomerera kutsika nemitambo, uye zvakavakirwa pachisungo chekuti vanhu vakanaka, vanodzidzisika uye vanodzidzisika. Basa reConfucianism rakavakirwa pakunzwisiswa kwakawanda nekuitwa kwehutongi hwakasimba pakati pehukama hwese. Kutevedzera chinzvimbo chemunhu chakatemerwa kunogadzira nharaunda inoenderana uye kunodzivirira kusawirirana.

Chinangwa cheConfucianism ndechokuwana mamiriro ehukuru hwese kana kuti mutsa, anozivikanwa saRes. Wese anosvika ku ren nyoro akakwana. Aya manenji aizozvishongedza pachawo kuti afane neyakagadzirwa munharaunda yehunyanzvi nekumisikidza tsika dzeConfucian kuburikidza nemashoko nezviito. Iyo Mitambo Yechitanhatu yaive zviitiko zvinoitwa nemadzishe kuvadzidzisa zvidzidzo zvinopfuura zvedzidzo yenyika.

Hunyanzvi nhanhatu itsika, mumhanzi, kupfura nemiseve, kutakura ngoro, calligraphy, uye masvomhu. Aya matanhatu ehunyanzvi akazopedzisira ave hwaro hwedzidzo yechiChinese, iyo, senge zvimwe zvakawanda muChina nekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAsia, inokurudzirwa zvakanyanya nehunhu hwaConfucian.

Aya maitiro eConfucianism akakura kubva mukukonana muhupenyu hwaConfucius. Akazvarwa munyika yaive padhuze nemhirizhonga. Chokwadi, achangofa, China yaizopinda munguva inozivikanwa seMarudzi Anorwa, panguva iyo China yakakamurwa uye ine nyonganiso kweanoda kusvika makore mazana maviri. Confucius akaona nyonganiso iyi yakavira uye akaedza kushandisa dzidziso dzake kuzvidzivirira nekudzorera kuwirirana.

Confucianism itsika inotonga hukama hwevanhu uye chinangwa chayo chikuru kuziva maitiro ekuita maererano nevamwe. Anokudzwa munhu anowana hukama hwehukama uye anova hukama hwehukama, uyo anonyatso kuziva kuvepo kwevamwe vanhu. ChiConfucius chaisava chirevo chitsva, asi rudzi rwekufungidzira kusinganzwisisike kwakagadzirwa neru ("dzidziso yevadzidzi"), inozivikanwawo seru jia, ru jiao kana ru xue. Shanduro yaConfucius yaizivikanwa seKong jiao (boka reConfucius).

Mukutanga kwavo form (Shang uye pakutanga Zhou dynasties [1600-770 BC]) ru raireva vatambi uye vaimbi vaiita mutsika. Nekufamba kwenguva izwi iri rakura kuti risanganisira kwete chete vanhu vakaita tsika, asi tsika idzo; pakupedzisira, ru raisanganisira shamans uye vadzidzisi vemasvomhu, nhoroondo, nyeredzi. Confucius nevadzidzi vake vakazvitsanangura zvekare kuratidza zvinyaradzo vadzidzisi vetsika dzekare uye magwaro mutsika, nhoroondo, nhetembo nemimhanzi. Kune vatungamiriri veHan, ru yaireva chikoro uye vadzidzisi vayo vehunyanzvi hwekudzidza uye kuita tsika, mitemo uye tsika dzeConfucianism.

Makirasi matatu evadzidzi nevadzidzisi anowanikwa muConfucianism (Zhang Binlin):

vakangwara vakashanda nyika
ru vadzidzisi vakadzidzisa muzvidzidzo zveiyo nhanhatu ehunyanzvi
vateveri vaConfucius vakadzidza uye vakaparadzira vaConfucian classics
Mukutsvaga kwemoyo wakarasika
Dzidziso ye ru jiao yaive "kutsvaga moyo wakarasika": chiitiko chechigarire chekushandurwa kwemunhu uye kugadzirisa hunhu. Varapi vakacherekedza ipapo (seti yemitemo yevaridzi, tsika, tsika uye kushongedza) uye vakadzidza mabasa evachenjeri, vachigara vachiteedzera mutemo wekuti kudzidza hakufanire kumira.

Confucian uzivi hunosimbisa hwaro hwetsika, zvematongerwo enyika, zvechitendero, huzivi uye hwedzidzo. Inotarisa pahukama pakati pevanhu, hunoratidzwa kuburikidza nezvidimbu zveConfucian zvakasikwa; denga (Tian) pamusoro, pasi (di) pazasi uye vanhu (ren) pakati.

Zvikamu zvitatu zvepasi rese zveConfucian
Kune vaConfucius, denga rinogadza hunhu hwevanhu uye rinoshandisa simba rehunhu pamaitiro evanhu. Semasikirwo, denga rinomiririra zvese zvisiri zvevanhu, asi vanhu vane basa rakanaka mukuchengetedza kubatana pakati pedenga nenyika. Izvo zviripo kudenga zvinogona kudzidza, kucherechedzwa nekunzwisiswa nevanhu vanoongorora zvakasikwa zviitiko, zvemagariro zviitiko uye zvekare zvekare zvinyorwa; kana kuburikidza nekuzviratidza kwako kwemoyo nepfungwa.

Hunhu hwehunhu hweConfucianism hunoreva kuvandudza kwechiremera chega kuti munhu azive kugona kwake, kuburikidza:

ren (vanhu)
yi (kururamisa)
li (tsika uye chivakwa)
cheng (kutendeseka)
xin (kutaura chokwadi uye kutendeseka)
zheng (kuvimbika kushamwaridzana)
xiao (hwaro hwemhuri nedunhu)
zhong yong (iyo "yegoridhe inoreva" mune zvakajairwa tsika)

Chitendero cheConfucius chitendero here?
Nyaya yekukakavadzana pakati pevadzidzi vemazuva ano ndeyekuti Confucianism inokodzera sechitendero. Vamwe vanoti hachina kumbove chitendero, vamwe kuti chakagara chiri chinamato chehungwaru kana kuwirirana, chinamato chekunyika chinotarisa pazvinhu zvevanhu zvehupenyu. Vanhu vanogona kuwana kukwana uye kurarama zvinoenderana nemitemo yekudenga, asi vanhu vanofanirwa kuita nepavanogona napo kuzadzisa hunhu hwavo nemabatiro, pasina rubatsiro rwevamwari.

ChiConfucius zvinoreva kunamatwa kwemadzitateguru uye chinoti vanhu vanoumbwa nezvidimbu zviviri: hun (mweya unobva kudenga) uye po (mweya unobva pasi). Kana munhu achinge azvarwa, mahafu maviri anouya pamwechete uye kana munhu iyeye afa, ivo vanoparadzaniswa vobva vasiya pasi. Kuzvipira kunoitwa kumadzitateguru avo vaimborarama pasi pano nekutamba mimhanzi (kurangarira mweya kubva kudenga) uye nekudururira nekumwa waini (kutora mweya kubva pasi.

Zvakanyorwa naConfucius

Iri ibwe rinobva kuPeople's Republic of China chikamu chechinyorwa cheTang Dynasty cheCheng Hsuan's Analects yeConfucius ine Annotations, yakawanikwa muna 1967 muTurfan, Sinkiang. Iyo Analects yeConfucius raive rakakosha bhuku revadzidzi muChina dzekare. Chinyorwa ichi chinoratidza kufanana kwehurongwa hwekudzidzisa pakati peTurfan nedzimwe nzvimbo dzeChina. Mufananidzo naBetmann / Getty Images
Confucius anozivikanwa nekunyora kana kurongedza mabhuku akati wandei mukati mehupenyu hwake, akataridzwa seMashanu Classics neMabhuku mana. Izvi zvakanyorwa zvinobva munhoroondo dzezvakaitika kudetemba nhetembo, zvimiro zvehupenyu hwemunhu mutsika kusvika kumhemberero. Ivo vange vachishanda semusana wekuratidzira kwevanhu uye hurumende muChina kubva pakupera kwenguva dzekurwira nyika muna 221 BC.