Rudzidziso Rwenyika: Chii chinonzi Atman muHinduism?
Iye atman anoshandurwa zvakasiyana-siyana kuChirungu seyekusingaperi, mweya, hunhu, mweya kana mweya. Icho pachako pachako chinopesana neichocho; icho chinongedzo cheicho chinotenderera mushure mekufa kana kuva chikamu cheBrahman (iro simba riri seri kwezvinhu zvese). Chikamu chekupedzisira chekomsha (kusunungurwa) ndiko kunzwisisa kwekuti munhu wepo ari Brahman.
Pfungwa yekuti atman yakakosha kune zvese zvitanhatu zvikoro zveHinduism uye ndeimwe yemusiyano mukuru pakati pechiHindu nechiBuddha. Kutenda kwechiBhudha hakubatanidzi pfungwa yemweya wega.
Nzira Dzakatorwa dzekutora: Atman
Atman, iyo yakafanana yakafanana nemweya, ipfungwa inokosha muHinduism. Kuburikidza "nekuziva iye Atman" (kana kuziva munhu akakosha kuzvida), munhu anogona kuwana kusunungurwa kubva mukuzvarwa patsva.
Atman anodavirwa kuti ndiwo musimboti wechinhu uye, muzvikoro zvakawanda zvechiHindu, akapatsanurwa kubva kune izvo zvinoshamisa.
Zvimwe zvikoro zvechiHindu (monist) zvinofunga nezveatman sechikamu cheBrahman (mweya wepasi rose) nepo vamwe (zvikoro zviviri) vanofunga nezvemanheru seanoparadzaniswa neBrahman. Mumakesi maviri aya, pane kubatana kwehukama pakati paatman naBrahman. Kuburikidza nekufungisisa, varapi vanokwanisa kubatanidza kana kunzwisisa kubatana kwavo naBrahman.
Pfungwa yekuti atman yakatanga kutsanangurwa muRigveda, rugwaro rwekare rweSanskrit inova hwaro hwezvimwe zvikoro zvechiHindu.
Atman naBrahman
Nepo atman ari musimboti wemunhu, Brahman mweya isingachinjiki uye yepasirese kana kuziva uko kunotsigira zvinhu zvese. Ivo vanokurukurwa uye vanonzi vakatsaurwa kubva kune mumwe nemumwe, asi havawanzoonekwa sevakasiyana; mune zvimwe zvikoro zvechiHindu zvekufunga, atman ndiBrahman.
Atman
Atman yakafanana nemafungiro ekumadokero kwemweya, asi haina kufanana. Musiyano wakakura ndowekuti zvikoro zvechiHindu zvakagovaniswa muzvinhu zveatman. VaHindu vaviri vaviri vanotenda kuti munhu mumwe chete akabatana asi haana kufanana neBrahman. Vasiri-vaviri vaviri vechiHindu, kune rumwe rutivi, vanotenda kuti munhu wepo munhu ndiBrahman; nekudaro, vese atman vane chaizvo zvakafanana uye vakaenzana.
Pfungwa yekumadokero yemweya inoona mweya wakanyatso kubatana kune mumwechete munhu, uine zvese zvahunoita (mukadzi, dzinza, hunhu). Iwo mweya unofungidzirwa kuvapo kana munhu mumwechete akazvarwa, uye asina kuberekwa patsva kuburikidza nekuzvarwa patsva. Iye murume, nekupesana, ari (maererano nezvikoro zvakawanda zvechiHinduism) zvinofungidzirwa kuve:
Chikamu chero chechimiro chechinhu (kwete chakakosha kuvanhu)
Chisingaperi (hachitanga nekuzvarwa kwemumwe munhu)
Chikamu kana akaenzana Brahman (Mwari)
kuberekwazve
brahman
Brahman yakafanana munzira dzakawanda kune yekumadokero pfungwa yaMwari: isingagumi, isingaperi, isingachinjiki uye isinganzwisisike kune pfungwa dzevanhu. Kune, zvisinei, dzakawanda pfungwa dzeBrahman. Mune kumwe kududzirwa, Brahman rudzi rwemasimba asingabvumirwe anotsigira zvinhu zvese. Mune kumwe kududzira, Brahman anoratidzwa kuburikidza nevamwari uye vamwari vamwari saVishnu naShiva.
Zvinoenderana nedzidziso dzevaHindu, murume anoramba achiberekazve. Kutenderera kwacho kunopera chete nekuziva kuti muganisemumwe ndiBrahman uye ndosaka paine zvisikwa zvese. Izvo zvinoita kuti uwane izvi nekurarama zvine hukama zvichienderana nedharma uye karma.
mabviro
Chekutanga kuzivikanwa kutaurwa kwemunhu ari muRigveda, rwiyo, nziyo, mazwi uye tsika zvakanyorwa muSanskrit. Izvo zvikamu zveRigveda zviri pakati pezvinyorwa zvekare zvekare zvinozivikanwa; vangangodaro vakanyorwa muIndia pakati pa 1700 na 1200 BC
Atman zvakare inyaya yakakosha yekukurukura muUpanishads. MaUpanishads, akanyorwa pakati pezana ramakore rechisere nerechitanhatu BC, iri nhaurirano pakati pevadzidzisi nevadzidzi inotarisana nemibvunzo yemafananidzo nezvehunhu hwechisiko.
Kune anopfuura mazana maviri akaparadzaniswa Upanishads. Vazhinji vanotendeukira kuna Atman, vachitsanangura kuti Atman ndiye musimboti wezvinhu zvese; haigone kunzwisiswa nehungwaru asi inogona kuzikanwa kuburikidza nekufungisisa. Zvinoenderana neUpanishads, atman naBrahman chikamu chimwe chechinhu chimwe chete; atman anodzokera kuBrahman kana murume wacho pakupedzisira asunungurwa uye asisirizve mutsana. Kudzoka uku, kana kudzoreredza muBrahman, inonzi moksha.
Pfungwa dzeatman neBrahman dzinowanzotsanangurwa fananidzo muUpanishads; semuenzaniso, Chandogya Upanishad inosanganisira ndima iyi apo Uddalaka achivhenekera mwanakomana wake, Shvetaketu:
Ipo nzizi dzinoyerera kumabvazuva nekumadokero dzichisangana
mugungwa uye muve chinhu naro,
vachikanganwa kuti yakanga iri nzizi dzakasiyana,
nokudaro zvisikwa zvese zvinorasa kupatsanurwa kwavo
pavanopedzisira vazvibatanidza muHunhu hwakachena.
Iko hakuna chinhu chisingabvi kwaari.
Pane izvo zvese zvakadzama Iwe pachako.
Ndiye zvokwadi; ndiko kuzvikoshesa.
Ndiwe Shvetaketu, uri izvo.
Zvikoro zvekufunga
Kune zvikoro zvitanhatu zvakakosha zvechiHinduism: Nyaya, Vaisesika, Samkhya, Yoga, Mimamsa uye Vedanta. Vese vari vatanhatu vanogashira chokwadi chaAtman uye vanosimbisa kukosha kwe "kuziva Atman" (kuzviziva), asi imwe neimwe inodudzira iyo pfungwa munzira yakati siyanei. Muzhinji, atman inoitirwa se:
Kuparadzaniswa kubva kune iyo ego kana hunhu
Isingachinjiki uye isina kukanganiswa nezviitiko
Unhu chaihwo kana hunhu hwacho pachako
Divine uye yakachena
Chikoro cheVedanta
Chikoro cheVedanta chaizvo chine zvikoro zvinoverengeka zvekufunga nezvean, uye ini handibvumiri. Semuyenzaniso:
Advaita Vedanta anoti atman yakafanana neBrahman. Mune mamwe mazwi, vanhu vese, mhuka uye zvinhu zvakafanana chikamu chimwe chehumwari hwakazara. Kutambura kwevanhu kunokonzerwa zvakanyanya nekusaziva kweakasarudzika kweBrahman. Kana kuzvizwisisa kwakazara, vanhu vanogona kuwana sununguko kunyange ivo vachiri kurarama.
Dvaita Vedanta, pane zvinopesana, uzivi hwepakati. Sekureva kwevanhu avo vanotevedzera zvinotendwa naDvaita Vedanta, pane munhu mumwe chete zvake uye Paramatma akasiyana (mukuru wepamhepo). Kununurwa kunogona kuitika mushure mekufa, kana munhu wepo anogona (kana asingakwanisi) kuva pedyo (kunyangwe asiri chikamu chaBrahman).
Vedanta Akshar-Purushottam chikoro zvinoreva anman saJiva. Vateveri vechikoro ichi vanotenda kuti munhu wega wega ane yavo yega jiva inorarama munhu iyeye. Iyo jiva inofamba kubva mumuviri kuenda mumuviri pakuzvarwa nekufa.
Nyaya Chikoro
Chikoro cheNhau chinosanganisira vadzidzi vazhinji avo mazano avo akanganisa zvimwe zvikoro zveHinduism. Nyanzvi dzenyaya dzinotaura kuti kuziva kuripo sechikamu chemunhu uye kushandisa nharo dzinonzwisisika kutsigira kuvepo kwemunhuwo zvake seya munhu kana mweya. Nyayasutra, yechinyakare Nyaya yenyaya, inoparadzanisa zviito zvevanhu (sekutarisa kana kuona) kubva kuzviito zvaAtman (kutsvaga nekunzwisisa).
Vaiseshika Chikoro
Ichi chikoro chechiHinduism chinotsanangurwa seatomiki mupfungwa yekuti zvikamu zvakawanda zvinoumba chokwadi chose. Muchikoro cheVaiseshika mune zvinhu zvina zvekusingaperi: nguva, nzvimbo, pfungwa uye munhu. Atman anorondedzerwa muuzivi uhwu semuunganidzwa wezvinhu zvakawanda zvekusingaperi uye zvemweya. Kuziva Atman ndeye kungonzwisisa kuti Atman chii, asi hazvitungamiri mukubatana naBrahman kana mufaro usingaperi.
Chikamu cheMammsa
Mimamsa chikoro chetsika yechiHindu. Kusiyana nezvimwe zvikoro, iye anorondedzera murume saiye akafanana neakazvibata, kana kuti munhuwo zvake. Zviito zvine hunyanzvi zvinochinja zvakanaka pamunhu, kuita hunhu uye mabasa akanaka akakosha muchikoro ichi.
Samkhya Chikoro
Sezvakangoita chikoro cheAdvaita Vedanta, nhengo dzeSamkhya School dzinoona muridzi sechinhu chomunhu uye chaicho seicho chiri chikonzero chekutambura kwemunhu. Kusiyana naAdvaita Vedanta, zvisinei, Samkhya anoti kune huwandu husingagumi hweakasiyana uye weumwe munhu, mumwe kune mumwe neumwe ari muchadenga.
Yoga chikoro
Chikoro cheYoga chine humwe hunhu hwakafanana nechikoro cheShamkhya: muYoga kune vazhinji varidzi pamunhu kwete munhu mumwechete wepamhepo. Yoga, zvakadaro, inosanganisirawo huwandu hwenhando hwe "kuziva iye atman" kana kuwana kuzviziva.