Chitendero cheNyika: Maonero echiJudha eKuzviuraya

Kuzviuraya ichokwadi chakaoma chenyika yatinogara uye yakatambudza vanhu nekufamba kwenguva uye mamwe ezvinyorwa zvekare zvatakabva kuTanakh. Asi chiJudha chinobata sei nokuzviuraya?

mabviro
Kurambidza kuzviuraya hakubvi pamurairo wokuti “Usauraya” ( Eksodho 20:13 uye Dhuteronomi 5:17 ). Kuzviuraya nekuponda zvivi zviviri zvakasiyana muchiJudha.

Maererano nemapoka avanarabhi, kuponda imhosva pakati pomunhu naMwari uyewo munhu nomunhu, nepo kuzviuraya kuchingova mhosva pakati pomunhu naMwari.Nechikonzero ichi, kuzviuraya kunoonekwa sechivi chakakomba zvikuru. Pakupedzisira, zvinoonekwa sechiito chinoramba kuti upenyu hwomunhu chipo choumwari uye chinorangarirwa kuva mbama pamberi paMwari kupfupisa urefu hwoupenyu hwaakapiwa naMwari. Pamusoro pazvo, Mwari “akasika (nyika) kuti igarwe” ( Isaya 45:18 ).

Pirkei Avot 4:21 (Ethics of the Fathers) inotaurawo izvi:

"Kunyange iwe wakaumbwa, uye zvisinei iwe wakaberekwa, uye zvisinei iwe unorarama, uye kunyangwe iwe pachako unofa, uye kunyangwe iwe pachako uchave nekuzvidavirira uye kuzvidavirira pamberi paMambo weMadzimambo, Mutsvene, Akamuropafadza. "
Muchokwadi, hapana kurambidza kwakananga kuzviuraya muTorah, asi inotaura nezve kurambidzwa muTalmud yeBava Kama 91b. Kurambidza kuzviuraya kwakavakirwa pana Genesi 9:5 , iyo inoti, “Zvino zvirokwazvo, ropa renyu, ropa roupenyu hwenyu, ndicharida. Izvi zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvaisanganisira kuzviuraya. Saizvozvowo, maererano naDheuteronomio 4:15 , “Uchachengetedza upenyu hwako nokungwarira” uye kuzviuraya kwaisazova nehanya nazvo.

Mukuwirirana naMaimonides, uyo akati, “Munhu upi noupi anozviuraya ane mhaka yeropa” ( Hilchot Avelut, ganhuro 1 ), hakuna rufu rwedare kupfurikidza nokuzviuraya, “rufu runoitwa noruoko rwokudenga” bedzi ( Rotzeah 2:2-3 ).

Mhando dzekuzviuraya
Kazhinji, kuchema kuzviuraya kunorambidzwa, kunze kwechimwe chete.

"Iyi ndiyo nheyo huru ine chekuita nekuzviuraya: tinowana chikonzero chese chatinogona uye toti akazviita nekuti aitya kana kurwadziwa zvakanyanya, kana pfungwa dzake dzaive dzisina kugadzikana, kana kuti aifunga kuti zvaive zvakanaka kuita zvaakaita. nokuti aitya kuti dai yairarama ingadai yakapara mhosva ... Hazvibviri zvikuru kuti munhu aite chiito chekupenga chakadaro kunze kwekunge pfungwa dzake dzavhiringidzika "(Pirkei Avot, Yoreah Deah 345: 5)

Aya marudzi ekuzviuraya anorongwa muTalmud se

B'daat, kana kuti munhu anenge aine masimba ake enyama nepfungwa paanenge achitora hupenyu hwake.
Anuss kana munhu ari "munhu akamanikidzwa" uye haana mhosva yezviito zvavo mukutora hupenyu hwavo

Munhu wekutanga haasi kuchema nenzira yechivanhu uye wechipiri ndiye. Joseph Karo's Shulchan Aruch Jewish Code of Law, pamwe chete nezviremera zvakawanda zvezvizvarwa zvichangopfuura, zvakaratidza kuti kuzviuraya kuzhinji kunofanirwa kuve kwakakodzerwa senzira yekukundisa. Somugumisiro, vanozviuraya vakawanda havazvidaviriri nokuda kwezviito zvavo uye vanogona kuchema sezvakaita muJudha upi noupi ane rufu rwomuzvarirwo.

Kunewo kunze kwekuzviuraya sekufira kutenda. Zvisinei, kunyange mumamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa, dzimwe nhamba hadzina kutera kuizvo zvingadai zvakave zviri nyore nokuzviuraya. Inonyanya kuzivikanwa inyaya yaRabhi Hananiah ben Teradyon uyo, pashure pokunge aputirwa mudehwe reTorah nevaRoma ndokutungidzwa nomoto, akaramba kufema mwoto kuti akurumidze kufa, achiti: “Ani naani anoisa mweya mumuviri. ndiye Mumwe. kuibvisa; hapana munhu anogona kuzviparadza ”(Avodah Zarah 18a).

Kuzviuraya Kwenhoroondo muchiJudha
Muna 1 Samueri 31:4-5, Sauro anozviuraya nokuwira pamunondo wake. Kuzviuraya uku kunodzivirirwa mukushungurudzika nenharo yokuti Sauro aitya kutambudzwa nevaFiristia kana akabatwa, izvo zvaizoita kuti aurayiwe muzviitiko zvose zviri zviviri.

Kuzviuraya kwaSamsoni muna Vatongi 16:30 kunodzivirirwa sechinetso nenharo yokuti chakanga chiri chiito chaKiddush Hashem, kana kuti kutsveneswa kwezita roumwari, kurwisa kunyomba kwechihedheni kwaMwari.

Zvichida chiitiko chakakurumbira zvikuru chokuzviuraya muchiJudha chakanyorwa naJosephus muHondo yechiJudha, apo anoyeuka kuzviuraya kwavazhinji kwainzi varume, vakadzi navana 960 munhare yekare yeMasada muna 73 AD Inorangarirwa sechiito chougamba chokufira kutenda muna. chiso chemauto eRoma akatevera. Zviremera zvavanarabhi gare gare zvakapanikira uchokwadi hweichi chiito chokufira kutenda nemhaka yedzidziso yokuti kana vakabatwa navaRoma, sezvingabvira vaizoponeswa, kunyange zvazvo vaizobatira humwe hwose hwoupenyu hwavo savaranda kuvatapi vavo.

MuMiddle Ages, nyaya dzisingaverengeki dzokufira kutenda dzakanyorwa mukutarisana nokubhapatidzwa kwokumanikidzirwa norufu. Zvakare, zviremera zvavanarabhi hazvibvumirani kuti izvi zviito zvokuzviuraya zvakabvumirwa tichirangarira migariro yacho. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, mitumbi yeavo vakatora hupenyu hwavo, chero chikonzero, yakavigwa pamucheto wemakuva (Yoreah Deah 345).

Namatira rufu
Mordhekai Joseph weIzbica, rabhi wechiHasid womuzana remakore rechiXNUMX, akakurukura kana munhu achibvumirwa kunyengetera kuna Mwari kuti afe kana munhu asingatombofungi nezvokuzviuraya, asi upenyu hwepfungwa hunomukurira.

Rudzi rwemunamato urwu runowanikwa munzvimbo mbiri muTanakh: kubva kuna Jona muna Jona 4: 4 uye kubva kuna Eria muna 1 Madzimambo 19: 4. Vaporofita vose vari vaviri, vachinzwa kuti vakundikana mumabasa avo, chikumbiro cherufu. Modhekai anonzwisisa magwaro aya sokusabvumira chikumbiro chorufu, achiti munhu haafaniri kunetseka zvikuru nokukanganisa kwevaanogara navo zvokuti anotofunga kuti akanga asisiri mupenyu kuti arambe achiona uye achiona kukanganisa kwake.

Uyezve, Honi Muiti Wedenderedzwa akanzwa ari oga zvokuti pashure pokunge anyengetera kuna Mwari kuti amurege afe, Mwari akabvuma kuti afe ( Ta'anit 23a ).