Rudzidziso Rwenyika: Kuongorora kwemavara echiBuddha
Kune Bhaibheri reBuddha here? Kwete chaizvo. ChiBuddha chine huwandu hukuru hwemagwaro, asi zvinyorwa zvishoma zvinogamuchirwa sechokwadi uye zvine simba nechero chikoro cheBuddha.
Pane chimwezve chikonzero nei pasina Bhaibheri raBhudha. Zvitendero zvakawanda zvinotora zvinyorwa zvavo seshoko rakaratidzwa raMwari kana vamwari. MuBuddhism, zvakadaro, zvinonzwisiswa kuti magwaro idzidziso dzeBuddha wenhoroondo - anga asiri mwari - kana vamwe vatenzi vakajekeswa.
Zvinodzidziswa magwaro echiBhudha chiratidzo chedzidziso kana nzira yekuzvizarurira nayo Chinhu chakakosha kunzwisisa uye kuisa mukati meizvo zvinodzidziswa nezvinyorwa zvinyorwa, kwete kungo "tenda".
Mhando dzemagwaro echiBhudha
Mavhesi akawanda anonzi "sutra" muSanskrit kana "sutta" mune. Izwi sutra kana sutta rinoreva "tambo". Izwi rekuti "sutra" riri mumusoro wenyaya rinoratidza kuti basa iri mharidzo kubva kuna Buddha kana mumwe wevadzidzi vake vakuru. Nekudaro, sezvatichatsanangura gare gare, akawanda sutras pamwe ane mamwe mavambo.
Iyo sutras inowanikwa mune yakawanda masayizi. Mamwe akareba, mamwe aine mitsara mashoma. Hapana mumwe anoratidzika kuda kufungidzira kuti vangani ma sutras vaizovepo kana iwe uchirema vanhu vese vekononi imwe neimwe uye unounganidzwa murwi. Zvizhinji.
Haasi ese magwaro ari sutras. Kunze kwemasutras, kunewo maonero, mitemo yeamongi uye masisitori, ngano dzehupenyu hweBuddha uye mamwe marudzi mazhinji ezvinyorwa zvakare anoongororwa se "magwaro".
Canons yeTheravada neMahayana
Anenge mamirioni maviri apfuura, chiBuddha chakakamuraniswa kuita zvikoro zviviri zvikuru, zvinonzi Theravada neMahayana nhasi. Mavara echiBuddhist akabatanidzwa neimwe kana imwe, yakakamurwa muTravada neMahayana canon.
Iwo materavadines haatarise kuti Mahayana magwaro ndeyechokwadi. VaMahayana Buddhist, pane zvese, vanofunga nezveiyo Theravada canon ndeyechokwadi, asi mune zvimwe zviitiko VaMahayana Buddhist vanofunga kuti mamwe magwaro avo akatsiva simba reiyo Theravada canon. Kana, ivo vari kuchinjira kumhando dzakasiyana pane iyo Theravada vhezheni.
Buddhist magwaro Theravada
Izvo zvakanyorwa zveTheravada chikoro zvinounganidzwa mune basa rakanzi Pali Tipitaka kana Pali Canon. Izwi rinoti Tipitaka rinoreva "mabhasiketi matatu", izvo zvinoratidza kuti Tipitaka rakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvitatu, uye chikamu chimwe nechimwe chiunganidzwa chemabasa. Izvo zvikamu zvitatu ndizvo sutra basket (Sutta-pitaka), bhasiketi yekuraira (Vinaya-pitaka) uye yakakosha dzidziso yebhasikiti (Abhidhamma-pitaka).
Sutta-pitaka naVinaya-pitaka ndivo mharidzo dzakarekodhwa dzezvakaitika kare Buddha nemirau yaakagadza yemirairo yemonion. Abhidhamma-pitaka ibasa rekuongorora uye uzivi hunonzi kuna Buddha asi angangodaro akanyorwa mazana emakore mushure meParinirvana.
Theravadin Pali Tipitika iri mumitauro yePali. Kune mavhezheni ezvinyorwa zvimwe chete izvi zvakarekodhwa muSanskrit, kunyangwe akawanda atinawo acho ishanduro dzechiChinese dzevakarasika veSanskrit mavambo. Aya maSanskrit / echiChinese magwaro chikamu cheChinese uye chiTibetan canons cheMahayana Buddhism.
Mahayana Buddhist magwaro
Hongu, kuti uwedzere kuvhiringidzika, pane maviri canon eMagwaro eMahayana, anonzi maTibetan canon uye Chinese canon. Kune akawanda zvinyorwa zvinoratidzika mune ese canon uye mazhinji asina. Iyo Tibetan Canon iri pachena yakabatana neTibetan Buddhism. Iyo Chinese Canon inonyanya kuzivikanwa muEast Asia - China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam.
Iko kune Sanskrit / Chinese chinyorwa cheSutta-pitaka chinonzi Agamas. Izvi zvinowanikwa muChinese Canon. Kune mamwe akawanda Mahayana sutras asina vapikisi muTravada. Kune ngano uye nyaya dzinobatanidza idzi Mahayana sutras neyepamberi Buddha, asi vanyori vezvakaitika kare vanotiudza kuti mabasa akanyanya kunyorwa pakati pezana ramakore 1 BC neXNUMXth century BC, uye mamwe kunyangwe akazotevera. For the most chikamu, provenance uye munyori wemavara aya hazvizivikanwe.
Iko kusinganzwisisike kwakatangira kweaya mabasa kunomutsa mibvunzo nezvechiremera chavo. Sezvandakareva, maTravada maBhudha haatombozive magwaro eMahayana. Pakati pezvikoro zveMahayana Buddhist, vamwe vanoramba vachibatanidza Mahayana sutras neyakaitika kare Buddha. Vamwe vanoziva kuti magwaro aya akanyorwa nevanyori vasingazivikanwe. Asi sezvo huchenjeri hwakadzama uye kukosha kwemweya kwemavara aya kwave kuonekera kuzvizvarwa zvakawanda zvakadaro, zvakadaro zvakachengetedzwa uye zvinoremekedzwa sesutra.
Iwo Mahayana sutras anofungidzirwa kuve akambonyorwa muSanskrit, asi kazhinji kazhinji kwete asiri echinyakare mavhezheni aripo shanduro dzeChinese uye yekutanga Sanskrit yakarasika. Zvisinei, dzimwe nyanzvi dzinoti shanduro dzekare dzeChinese ndidzo shanduro dzepakutanga, uye vanyori vavo vanoti vakazvishandura kubva kuSanskrit kuti vape masimba makuru.
Ichi chinyorwa cheMahayana sutras hachina kukwana asi chinopa tsananguro pfupi dzeanonyanya kukosha Mahayana sutras.
Mahayana maBuddhist anowanzo gamuchira rakasiyana rakasiyana Abhidhamma / Abhidharma inonzi Sarvastivada Abhidharma. Panzvimbo pe Pali Vinaya, chiTibetan Buddhism kazhinji chinotevera imwe shanduro inonzi Mulasarvastivada Vinaya uye iyo yose Mahayana kazhinji inotevera Dharmaguptaka Vinaya. Uyezve pane zvinotaurwa, nyaya uye marapiro anopfuura kuverenga.
Zvikoro zvizhinji zveMahayana zvinosarudzira ivo vapi zvikamu zveupfumi izvi zvakanyanya kukosha, uye zvikoro zvakawanda zvinosimbisa chete mashoma mashoma esutras uye emashoko. Asi haisi nguva dzose yakafanana ruoko. Saka kwete, hapana "Buddhist Bible".