Shamanism: tsananguro, nhoroondo nezvitendero
Iyo tsika yeku shamanism inowanikwa pasi rese mune dzakasiyana siyana tsika uye inosanganisira yemweya iyo inowanzovapo mukati memamiriro ezvinhu akagadziriswa ekuziva. Shaman kazhinji ane chinzvimbo chinoremekedzwa munharaunda yake uye anotamba akakosha mabasa ehutungamiriri.
Shamanism
"Shaman" izwi rakajairika rinoshandiswa nevanyanzvi vezvitendero kutsanangura muunganidzwa wakakura wemabatiro uye zvitendero, zvakawanda zvine chekuita neshura, kutaurirana kwemweya uye mashiripiti.
Imwe yekutenda yakakosha inowanikwa mune shamanistic maitiro ndeyekuti pakupedzisira zvese - uye munhu wese - zvakabatana.
Uchapupu hwemaitiro echi shamanic hwakawanikwa muScandinavia, Siberia nedzimwe nzvimbo dzeEurope, pamwe nekuMongolia, Korea, Japan, China neAustralia. Madzinza eInuit neFirst Nations eNorth America vaishandisa hushamwari hwemweya, pamwe nemapoka muSouth America, Mesoam America ne Africa.
Nhoroondo uye anthropology
Izwi rekuti shaman pacharo rakakwenenzverwa. Kunyange vanhu vazhinji vachinzwa izwi rekuti shaman uye vanobva vangofunga nezveNative American mishonga yekurapa varume, zvinhu zvakanyanya kuoma kupfuura izvo.
"Shaman" izwi rakajairika rinoshandiswa nevanyanzvi vezvitendero kutsanangura muunganidzwa wakakura wemabatiro uye zvitendero, zvakawanda zvine chekuita neshura, kutaurirana kwemweya uye mashiripiti. Mumarudzi mazhinji emadzinza, kusanganisira asi asina kugumira kumadzinza eNative American, mu shaman munhu akakosha kwazvo akapedza hupenyu hwese zvichitevera kudanwa kwavo. Mumwe haangozvizivise iye shaman; pachinzvimbo izita rakapihwa mushure memakore mazhinji ekufunda.
Kudzidziswa uye mabasa munharaunda
Mune dzimwe tsika, vaShamhu vaiwanzove vanhu vane chirwere chinoshungurudza, chekuremara kana chekuremara kana chimwewo chinhu chisina kujairika.
Pakati pemamwe madzinza eBorneo, hermaphrodites anosarudzwa kuti ave shamanic kudzidziswa. Nepo tsika zhinji dzinoita senge dzaisarudza vanhurume sevasham, mune dzimwe kwaive kusiri kunzwikwa kuti vakadzi vadzidziswe sevashamisi uye vanoporesa. Iye munyori Barbara Tedlock anoti muMukadzi muMutumbi waShamaman: Kutsiva Mukadzi Mune Chitendero uye Mushonga kuti humbowo hwakawanikwa hwekuti ma shamans ekutanga akawanikwa panguva yePaleolithic nguva muCzech Republic vaive vanhukadzi chaizvo.
Mumadzinza eEurope, vakadzi vaigona kunge vachiita sevashamhi padivi kana kunyange panzvimbo yevarume. Vazhinji veNorse sagas vanotsanangura zviitwa zvecacular, kana muoni wechikadzi. Mune akawanda massaud uye edda, tsananguro dzechiporofita dzinotanga netsetse iyo rwiyo rwakauya pamiromo yake, zvichiratidza kuti mazwi akatevera ndeaya ehumwari, akatumirwa kuburikidza ne volva senhume kuna vamwari. Pakati pevanhu vechiCelt, ngano inofungidzira kuti maprisita mapfumbamwe aigara pachitsuwa chiri kumahombekombe eBreton vaive neunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi hwekuporofita uye vachiita basa reku shamanic.
Mubhuku rake The Nature of Shamanism uye Shamanic Nyaya, Michael Berman anokurukura zvakawanda zvisirizvo zvakashata zvakapoterera shamanism, kusanganisira pfungwa yekuti shaman neimwe mweya nemweya yaanoshanda nayo. Chokwadi, Berman anoti mu shaman anogara ari mukutonga kwakazara, nekuti hapana dzinza rakazvigamuchira rinogamuchira mu shaman aisakwanisa kudzora mweya yemweya. Anoti,
"Chinangwa chakakangwa chevakafuridzirwa chinogona kutariswa semamiriro ezvinhu evaviri shaman uye vechitendero vasinganzwisisike avo Eliade anodana vaporofita, nepo mamiriro ezvinhu ekuda kutora nzvimbo akaita senge nyika inotyisa."
Uchapupu hwemaitiro echi shamanic hwakawanikwa muScandinavia, Siberia nedzimwe nzvimbo dzeEurope, pamwe nekuMongolia, Korea, Japan, China neAustralia. Madzinza eInuit neFirst Nations eNorth America vaishandisa hushamwari hwemweya, pamwe nemapoka muSouth America, Mesoam America ne Africa. Mune mamwe mazwi, yakawanikwa mune yakawanda yenyika inozivikanwa. Zvinonakidza kuona kuti hapana humbowo uye hwakasimba kongiri inobatanidza shamanism kune nyika dzechiCelt, chiGreek kana chiRoma mutauro.
Nhasi kune vanoverengeka vavahedheni vanotevera eclectic rudzi rweoo-shamanism. Kazhinji zvinosanganisira kushanda pamwe ne totem kana yemweya mhuka, kufamba kwemaroto nekutsvagisa kwekuona, kufungisisa kwe trance uye kufamba kwekufamba kwe astral. Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti zvakawanda zvezviri kutengeswa se "zvazvino shamanism" hazvina kufanana nemaitiro echi shamanic eanowanikwa. Chikonzero cheichi chakareruka: shaman yemusikanzwa, anowanikwa mune diki diki yekumaruwa kwetsika iri kure, inonyudzwa mune iyo tsika zuva nezuva, uye basa rake samu shaman rinotsanangurwa nezvakaoma tsika tsika dzeboka iro.
Michael Harner muongorori wezvokuchera matongo uye muvambi weSangano reShamanic Zvidzidzo, iro riripo risingabatsiri purofiti rakazvipira kuchengetedza tsika dzechi shamanic uye hupfumi tsika dzemapoka mazhinji epasi pano. Basa raHarner rakayedza kudzoreredza shamanism yeanowo-muhedheni wechiremba, nepo achiremekedza maitiro epakutanga uye maitiro ekutenda. Basa raHarner rinosimudzira kushandiswa kwemadhiramu anorira sehwaro hweshamananism uye muna 1980 inoburitsa Iyo Nzira yeShaman: Gwara kune Simba uye Kuporesa. Iri bhuku rinotariswa nevakawanda sebhiriji pakati petsika dzechinyakare shamanism uye zveNeoshaman zvazvino.
Kutenda uye pfungwa
Kune vekutanga shamans, zvinodavirwa uye maitiro akaumbwa semhinduro kune izvo zvakakosha zvinodiwa zvevanhu kuwana tsananguro uye kushandisa kumwe kutonga pamusoro pezviitiko zvepanyama. Semuenzaniso, kambani yevavhimi-vanounganidza vanogona kupa zvipiriso kumidzimu inokonzeresa kukura kwemombe kana nerupo rwemasango. Nzanga dzinozotevera dzevafundisi dzaigona kuvimba nevamwari uye vamwarikadzi vaidzora mamiriro ekunze, kuti vave negoho rakakura uye zvipfuyo zvine hutano. Nharaunda yakabva yatanga kuvimba nebasa reshaman kuti vagare zvakanaka.
Imwe yekutenda yakakosha inowanikwa mune shamanistic maitiro ndeyekuti pakupedzisira zvese - uye munhu wese - zvakabatana. Kubva kuzvirimwa nemiti kusvika kumatombo uye mhuka nemapako, zvinhu zvese zviri chikamu chakazara chinhu. Uyezve, zvinhu zvese zvakazara nemweya wazvo, kana mweya, uye zvinokwanisa kubatana pane isiri ndege ndege. Uku kufunga kwakafanana kunobvumira shaman kuti ifambe pakati penyika yechokwadi neyedu yevamwe zvisikwa, vachiita sechibatanidza.
Zvakare, nekuda kwekukwanisa kwavo kufamba pakati penyika yedu uye neyezvakakura zvakasikwa zvemweya, mu shaman anowanzove mumwe munhu anogovana zviporofita uye oracular meseji neavo vangangoda kuzvinzwa. Aya mameseji anogona kunge ari chinhu chiri nyore uye zvakanangana akatarisisa, asi kazhinji kazhinji kwete, zvinhu izvo zvinokanganisa nzanga yose. Mune dzimwe tsika, shaman inonamatirwa inctuition yavo uye nhungamiro pamberi pesarudzo dzakakosha dzisati dzaitwa nevakuru. Shaman anowanzo shandisa nzira dzinokonzeresa trance kugashira izvi zviratidzo uye meseji.
Chekupedzisira, shamans vanowanzo shanda sevarapi. Ivo vanogona kugadzirisa maronda mumuviri wenyama nekurapa kusakwana kana kukuvadza kumweya wemunhu. Izvi zvinogona kuitwa kuburikidza neminyengetero yakapfava kana tsika dzakawedzera dzinosanganisira kutamba nerwiyo. Sezvo chirwere ichi chinofungidzirwa kuti chichibva kumidzimu yakaipa, shaman ichashanda kudzinga zvinhu zvisina kunaka kubva mumuviri wemunhu nekuchengetedza munhu kubva mukukuvadzwa zvakare.
Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti shamanism haisi iyo pachako chitendero; pachinzvimbo, iunganidzwa yehupfumi hunhu hunhu hunokonzerwa nemamiriro etsika irimo. Nhasi uno vanhu vazhinji vanoita shamans uye mumwe nemumwe anozviita nenzira yakasarudzika uye chaiyo yenharaunda yavo uye maonero enyika. Munzvimbo zhinji, nhasi va sham vanopinda mune zvematongerwo enyika uye kazhinji vakatora nzvimbo dzakakosha mukushanduka, kunyanya idzo dzakatarisana nenyaya dzezvakatipoteredza.