Yogacara: chikoro chepfungwa anoziva
Yogacara ("yoga kuita") bazi rehungwaru reMahayana Buddhism rakabuda muIndia muzana ramakore rechina AD. Simba rayo richiri kuoneka nanhasi muzvikoro zvakawanda zveBuddha, kusanganisira chiTibetan, Zen neShingon.
Yogacara inozivikanwa zvakare seVijanavada, kana Vijnana Chikoro nekuti Yogacara inonyanya kunetseka nehunhu hweVijnana uye nemhando yechiitiko. Vijnana ndeimwe yemhando nhatu dzepfungwa dzinokurukurwa mumagwaro echiBuddhist epakutanga senge Sutta-Pitaka. Vijnana inowanzo shandurwa muChirungu se "kuziva", "kuziva" kana "zivo". Iye ndiye wechishanu weShanu Skandhas.
Kwakatangira Yogacara
Kunyangwe hazvo zvimwe zvezvakabva zvarasika, wezvenhoroondo weBritish Damien Keown anoti Yogacara wepakutanga angave akabatanidzwa nebazi reGandhara reboka rekare reBuddhist rainzi Sarvastivada. Vakavamba vaive mamonki anonzi Asanga, Vasubandhu, uye Maitreyanatha, avo vanofungidzirwa kuti vese vaive nehukama naSarvastivada vasati vatendeukira kuMahayana.
Vatangi ava vakaona Yogacara sekugadzirisa huzivi hweMadhyamika hwakagadzirwa naNagarjuna, pamwe muzana ramakore rechipiri AD.Vakatenda kuti Madhyamika akasvika padhuze nehusiku nekusimbisa zvakanyanya kusakosha kwezviitiko, kunyangwe Nagarjuna pasina mubvunzo aisabvumirana nazvo.
Maadhyamikas vakapomera maYogacarin ekutsigira kana kutenda kuti chimwe chokwadi chiri pasi pechiitiko ichi, kunyange hazvo kutsoropodza uku kusingaite sekutsanangura dzidziso yechokwadi yeYogacara.
Kwenguva yakati, zvikoro zveYogacara neMadhyamika zvehunyanzvi zvaikwikwidza. Muzana ramakore rechisere, chimiro chakashandurwa cheYogacara chinosanganiswa neyakagadziridzwa fomu reMadhyamika, uye iyi yakasanganiswa uzivi inoumba hwakawanda hwaro hweMahayana nhasi.
Dzidziso dzekutanga dzeYogacara
Yogacara haisi nyore uzivi kuti unzwisise. Nyanzvi dzayo dzakagadzira mamodheru akaomesesa anotsanangura kuti kuziva uye ruzivo zvinopindirana sei. Aya mamodheru anotsanangura zvakadzama mashandiro anoita vanhu nyika.
Sezvatotaurwa, Yogacara inonyanya kunetsekana nemhando yevijnana uye nemhando yezvakaitika. Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, tinogona kufunga kuti vijnana kuita kunoenderana neumwe weanogona kuita matanhatu (ziso, nzeve, mhuno, rurimi, muviri, pfungwa) uye chimwe chezviitiko zvitanhatu zvinoenderana (chinoonekwa chinhu, ruzha, kuravira kwekunhuhwirira, chinhu zvinobatika, zvakadaro) sechinhu. Semuenzaniso, kuona kwekuziva kana vijnana - kuona - rine ziso sehwaro hwaro uye chinoonekwa chiitiko sechinhu chayo. Kuziva kwepfungwa kune pfungwa (manas) sehwaro hwayo uye zano kana kufunga sechinhu chayo. Vijnana kuziva kuti inopindirana nehunyanzvi uye zvinoshamisa.
Kune aya matanhatu marudzi evajnana, Yogacara akawedzera mamwe maviri. Iyo yechinomwe vijnana inonyengera kuziva kana klista-manas. Rudzi urwu rwekuziva nderwe kufunga kwako pachako uko kunounza pfungwa dzoudyire nekuzvitutumadza. Iko kutenda kwega kwakazvimiririra nekusingaperi pachako kunobva kune ino yechinomwe vijnana.
Yechisere kuziva, alaya-vijnana, dzimwe nguva inonzi "chitoro kuziva". Iyi vijnana ine zvese zvinoonekwa zvezviitiko zvakapfuura, izvo zvinova mbeu dze karma.
Zviri nyore, Yogacara anodzidzisa kuti vijnana ndeyechokwadi, asi zvinhu zvekuziva hazvisi zvechokwadi. Zvatinofunga nezvezvinhu zvekunze zvisikwa zvekuziva. Nechikonzero ichi, Yogacara dzimwe nguva anonzi chikoro "chepfungwa chete".
Chinoshanda sei? Zvese zvinovhenekerwa ruzivo rwunogadzirwa nemhando dzakasiyana dzevijnana, iyo inogadzira ruzivo rwemunhu, rwechigarire wega uye zvinhu zvekunyepedzera zvinhu pazvinhu chaizvo. Pamusoro pekujekeserwa, idzi mbiri nzira dzekuziva dzinoshandurwa uye iko kunoguma kwekuziva kunokwanisa kuona kwechokwadi zvakajeka uye zvakananga.
Yogacara mukuita
Iyo "yoga" mune ino kesi ndeye yekufungisisa iyo yoga yaive yakakosha pakuita. Yogacara akasimbisawo kuita kweZitanhatu Kukwana.
Vadzidzi veYogacara vakapfuura nemumatanho mana ekuvandudza. Mukutanga, mudzidzi akadzidza dzidziso dzaYogacara kuti anyatsovaziva. Muchikamu chechipiri, mudzidzi anodarika pfungwa uye anoita mumatanho gumi ekusimudzira bodhisattva, inonzi bhumi. Muchikamu chechitatu, mudzidzi anopedza kuenda nemumatanho gumi uye otanga kuzvisunungura kubva pane zvakasviba. Muchina, kusvibiswa kwabviswa uye mudzidzi anoziva kuvhenekerwa.