Izimpawu eziyisi-6 zezinkolelo zenkolo
Ukusuka enkolweni ebulalayo yeGatsha uDavidians kuya kwinkulumompikiswano eqhubekayo yeSayensi, umqondo wezinkolelo ezaziwayo waziwa kaningi futhi kuxoxwa ngawo kaningi. Kodwa-ke, izinkulungwane zabantu zidonswa ezinkolweni ezinjengezihlelo nezinhlangano unyaka nonyaka, imvamisa ngenxa yokuthi abalwazi uhlobo lweqembu elifana neqembu kuze kube yilapho sezivele zijoyine.
Izimpawu eziyisithupha ezilandelayo zokuxwayisa zibonisa ukuthi iqembu lenkolo noma elingokomoya lingaba inkolo ngempela.
Umholi akanasisekelo
Ezinkolweni eziningi zenkolo, abalandeli batshelwa ukuthi umholi noma umsunguli uhlala elungile. Labo ababuza imibuzo, bavusa noma ngubani ophikisayo noma enze ngendlela ebabaza ukwethembeka kwabo bavame ukujeziswa. Imvamisa, ngisho nalabo abangaphandle kwehlelo elibangela izinkinga kubaholi bangahlukunyezwa futhi, kwezinye izikhathi, isijeziso sibulala kakhulu.
Umholi waleli hlelo ujwayele ukukholelwa ukuthi ukhethekile noma ungokaphezulu ngandlela thile. Ngokuya kwe-Psychology yanamuhla kaJoe Navarro, abaholi abaningi benkolo yonke emlandweni banenkolelo ethe xaxa yokuthi bona kuphela abanezimpendulo ezinkingeni nokuthi badinga ukuhlonishwa.
Amacebo okukhohlisa wokuqasha
Ingxenye yokuqasha imvamisa ijikele kumalungu akholisayo angahle akholwe ukuthi azonikezwa okuthile angenakho empilweni yawo yamanje. Njengoba abaholi bevame ukuxhwila kulabo ababuthakathaka nabangenamandla okuthola ubunzima, akunzima ukuthi bakholwe ukuthi ukujoyina iqembu kuzokwenza izimpilo zabo zibe ngcono.
Labo abancishwe amathuba ngumphakathi, banethiwekhi encane yokusekelwa yabangane nomndeni futhi abanomuzwa wokuthi abayona eyabo okuhlosiwe ngokuyinhloko kwabaqashi benkolo. Ngokunikeza amalungu angaba khona ithuba lokuba yingxenye yokuthile okukhethekile - ngokomoya, ngokwezezimali noma kwezenhlalo - ngokuvamile ayakwazi ukuheha abantu.
Imvamisa, abaqashi bashayela ngesilinganiso esiphansi sokuthengisa kwengcindezi. Kucashile futhi abaqashi abatshelwanga masinyane isimo seqembu.
Ukholo okholweni
Iningi lezinkolo zenkolo lidinga ukuthi amalungu azo azinikeze ukungafani. Ababambiqhaza abavunyelwe ukuba baye kwezinye izinkonzo zenkolo futhi batshelwa ukuthi bangathola insindiso yeqiniso kuphela ngemfundiso yokukhonza.
Ihlelo leSango lezulu, elisebenza kuma-90s, lasebenza ngombono wokuthi kuzofikelwa umkhathi ozosusa amalungu emhlabeni, ukushaya ukufika kwenkanyezi uHale-Bopp. Ngaphezu kwalokho, babekholelwa ukuthi abafokazi abonakele bonakalise iningi lesintu nokuthi zonke ezinye izinqubo zenkolo empeleni zazingamathuluzi alezi zinto ezinesizungu. Ngakho-ke, amalungu eSango lezulu ayacelwa ukuba ashiye noma yiliphi isonto ayekilo lawo ngaphambi kokujoyina iqembu. Ngo-1997, amalungu angama-39 eSango lezulu azibulala ngobuningi.
Ukucatshangelwa, ukwesaba nokuzihlukanisa
Lezi zinkolo ngokujwayelekile zihlukanisa amalungu omndeni, abangane kanye nababambisene nabo ngaphandle kweqembu. Amalungu asheshe afundiswe ukuthi abangane bawo bodwa okuwukuphela kwabo - umndeni wabo wangempela - abanye abalandeli balolu hlelo. Lokhu kuvumela abaholi ukuthi bahlukanise ababambiqhaza kulabo abangazama ukubakhipha kulawulo lweqembu.
U-Alexandra Stein, umbhali weTerror, Love and Brainwashing: Attachment in Cults and Totalitarian Systems, ubeseyingxenye yeqembu laseMinneapolis elibizwa ngokuthi Inhlangano iminyaka eminingana. Ngemuva kokuzikhulula ekukhonzeni, wachaza isipiliyoni sakhe sokwehlukaniswa ngenkani kanjena:
"... [f] ekutholeni umngani noma inkampani yangempela, abalandeli babhekene nokuhlukaniswa okuvela kathathu: okuvela emhlabeni wangaphandle, omunye kusuka ohlelweni oluvaliwe nasengxoxweni yabo yangaphakathi, lapho kungavela khona imicabango ecacile ngeqembu. "
Njengoba ihlelo lingaqhubeka nokusebenza ngamandla nokulawula, abaholi benza konke okusemandleni ukugcina amalungu abo ethembekile futhi elalela. Lapho umuntu eqala ukuzama ukushiya iqembu, lelo lungu livame ukuzithola lithola izinsongo ngokwezezimali, ngokomoya noma ngisho nangokomzimba. Kwesinye isikhathi, ngisho nemindeni yabo okungeyona eyamalungu iyosongelwa ngokulinyazwa ukuze kugcinwe umuntu ophakathi kweqembu.
Imisebenzi engekho emthethweni
Ngokomlando, abaholi bezenkolo abahamba bebambe iqhaza ezenzweni ezingekho emthethweni. Lokhu kusukela ekungaziphathi kahle ngokwezimali nasekutholeni ngenkohliso ingcebo kuya ekuxhashazweni ngokomzimba nangokobulili. Abaningi batholwe benecala lokubulala.
Inkolo yeChildren of God isolwe ngamacala amaningi okuhlukunyezwa komasipala babo. Umlingisi uRose McGowan wayehlala nabazali bakhe eqenjini le-COG e-Italy waze waba neminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye. Ku-memoir Brave yakhe, uMcGowan wabhala ngezinkumbulo zakhe zokuqala ukushaywa kwamalungu ehlelo futhi wakhumbula indlela iqembu elabuxhasa ngayo ubudlelwano bezocansi phakathi kwabantu abadala nezingane.
UBhagwan Shree Rajneesh neqembu lakhe iRajneesh Movement baqoqa izigidi zamaRandi unyaka ngamunye ngotshalomali oluhlanganyele kanye nokuzibandakanya. URajneesh wayebuye ayithande iRoll Royces futhi ebengaphezu kwamakhulu amane.
Inkolo yaseJapan i-Aum Shinrikyo kungenzeka ukuthi ibingelinye lamaqembu abulala kakhulu emlandweni. Ngaphandle kokwenza ukuhlaselwa kaphethiloli kwe-sarin kaphethiloli ohlelweni olungaphansi komhlaba lwaseTokyo okudale ukuthi kufe abantu abalishumi kanye nezinkulungwane zabalimele, u-Aum Shinrikyo ubhekene necala lokubulala abaningi. Izisulu zabo zibandakanya nommeli ogama lakhe nguTsutsumi Sakamoto nenkosikazi yakhe nendodana, kanye noKiyoshi Kariya, ongumfowabo welungu lehlelo lenkolo abalekile.
Imfundiso yenkolo
Abaholi benkolo yenkolo ngokuvamile banesethi eqinile yezimiso zenkolo okufanele amalungu azilandele. Ngenkathi kungahle kugxilwe ekuhlangenwe nakho okuqondile kaphezulu, ngokuvamile kwenziwa ngobuholi beqembu. Abaholi noma abasunguli bangasho ukuthi bangabaphurofethi, njengoba uDavid Koresh weGatsha uDavidians eshilo kubalandeli bakhe.
Eminye imicikilisho yenkolo ifaka phakathi iziprofetho zembubhiso nenkolelo yokuthi izikhathi zokugcina ziyeza.
Kwezinye izinkolo, abaholi besilisa bathi uNkulunkulu ubayalile ukuthi bathathe abafazi abaningi, okuholela ekuxhashazweni kwabesifazane namantombazane angaphansi kweminyaka. UWarren Jeffs weThe Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, iqembu lamahlaya ahlukana neSonto lamaMormon, watholwa enecala lokuhlukumeza ngokocansi amantombazane amabili aneminyaka engu-12 no-15 ubudala. UJeffs namanye amalungu ehlelo lakhe lesithembu "bashade" ngokuhlelekile emantombazaneni, bethi lokho kuyilungelo labo elingaphezulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, iningi labaholi benkolo likwenza kucace kubalandeli babo ukuthi yibona kuphela abakhethekile ngokwanele ukuthola imiyalezo evela kwaphezulu nokuthi noma ngubani othi ezwa izwi likaNkulunkulu uyozithola ejeziswa noma ecwaswa yiqembu.
Ukhiye wezimpawu zokuxwayisa zehlelo leli
Lezi zinkolo zisebenza ngaphansi kohlelo lokulawula nokwesabisa kanti amalungu amasha avame ukuqashwa besebenzisa ubuqili namaqhinga okukhohlisa.
Inkolo yenkolo ihlanekezela ingokomoya ukuze lilingane nenhloso yomholi noma yabaholi, futhi labo abangabaza noma abagxekayo bavame ukujeziswa.
Imisebenzi engekho emthethweni idlangile ezinkolweni zezenkolo, ezikhula ngokuzimela nokwesaba. Imvamisa, le mikhuba engekho emthethweni ibandakanya ukuhlukunyezwa ngokomzimba nangokobulili.