I-Biography kaJustin Martyr
UJustin Martyr (100-165 AD) wayengubaba wasendulo weSonto owaqala umsebenzi wakhe wokuba yisazi sefilosofi kodwa wathola ukuthi imibono yezwe ngempilo ayinamqondo. Lapho ithola ubuKristu, yawuphishekela ngentshiseko kangangokuba yaholela ekubulaweni kwayo.
Amaqiniso okusheshayo: UJustin Martyr
Yaziwa nangokuthi: Flavio Giustino
Ubungcweti: isazi sefilosofi, isazi semfundiso yenkolo, umxolisi
Ukuzalwa: c. 100 AD
Kwehlisiwe: 165 AD
Ezemfundo: imfundo yasendulo kwifilosofi yamaGrikhi neyaseRoma
Imisebenzi eshicilelwe: inkhulumomphendvulwano neTrypho, uxolo
Isimangalo esidumile: "Silindele ukwamukela imizimba yethu futhi, yize ifile futhi iphonswe emhlabeni, ngoba sithi akukho lutho olungenzeki kuNkulunkulu."
Sesha izimpendulo
Wazalelwa edolobheni laseRoma iFlavia Neapolis, eduze kwedolobha laseShekemi lasendulo laseShekemi, uJustin wayeyindodana yabazali abangamaqaba. Usuku lokuzalwa kwakhe ngqo alaziwa, kodwa kungenzeka ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesibili leminyaka.
Yize ezinye izazi zesimanjemanje zahlasela ubuhlakani bukaJustin, wayenomqondo wokufuna ukwazi futhi athole imfundo eyisisekelo eqinile kwezokuloba, izinkondlo kanye nomlando. Lapho eseyinsizwa, uJustin wafunda izikole zefilosofi ezahlukahlukene, efuna izimpendulo zemibuzo emangalisayo yokuphila.
Ukuphishekela kwakhe kokuqala kwakuwukuthi ama-stoicism, aqalwa amaGreek futhi athuthukiswa amaRoma, okwakhuthaza ukukhohlisa nokucabanga okunengqondo. AmaStoics afundisa ukuzithiba nokunganaki izinto ezingaphezu kwamandla ethu. UJustin uthole le filosofi ingekho.
Kamuva, wafunda ngefilosofi ye-peripatetic noma ye-Aristotelian. Kodwa-ke, uJustin washeshe wabona ukuthi le ndoda yayinesifiso esikhulu sokuqoqa intela yayo kunokuthola iqiniso. Uthisha wakhe olandelayo kwakunguPythagorean, owagcizelela ukuthi uJustin naye afunde iJiyomethri, umculo nesayensi yezinkanyezi, naye efuna isidingo. Isikole sokugcina, iPlatonism, besiyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe ngokubuka kokuqonda, kepha azange zibhekane nezinkinga zabantu ukuthi uJustin wayenendaba nani.
Indoda engaqondakali
Ngolunye usuku, lapho uJustin eseneminyaka engaba ngu-30 ubudala, wahlangana nendoda endala ngenkathi ihamba ogwini lolwandle. Umuntu wakhuluma naye ngoJesu Kristu nangendlela uKrestu ayengukugcwaliseka ngayo okwathenjiswa abaprofethi bamaJuda basendulo.
Ngesikhathi bekhuluma, ikhehla lalenza umgodi kwifilosofi kaPlato no-Aristotle, lathi leso sizathu kwakungeyona indlela yokuthola uNkulunkulu. Esikhundleni salokho, umuntu wakhomba abaprofethi ababehlangene noNkulunkulu uqobo futhi babikezela icebo lakhe lokusindiswa.
"Kwaqubuka umlilo ngomlilo emphefumulweni wami," kusho uJustin ngemuva kwesikhathi. “Ngathandana nabaphurofethi nalamadoda ayemthande uKristu; Ngacabanga ngawo wonke amazwi abo futhi ngathola ukuthi le ifilosofi kuphela eyayiyiqiniso futhi inenzuzo. Nakhu ukuthi kanjani futhi kungani ngaba yisazi sefilosofi. Futhi ngifisa ukuthi wonke umuntu azizwe ngendlela efanayo nami. "
Ngemuva kokuguquka kwakhe, uJustin wayesazithatha njengefilosofi kunokuba yisazi semfundiso yenkolo noma isithunywa sevangeli. Wayekholelwa ukuthi uPlato nezinye izazi zefilosofi zamaGrikhi bantshontsha izinkolelo zabo eziningi eBhayibhelini, kepha njengoba iBhayibheli livela kuNkulunkulu, ubuKristu "babungumbono weqiniso" futhi baba inkolelo yokuthi kufanele bafe.
Imisebenzi emihle eyenziwe nguJustin
Cishe ngo-132 AD Justin waya e-Efesu, idolobha lapho umphostoli uPawulu ayeseke khona isonto. Lapho, uJustin waba nengxoxo nomJuda ogama lakhe linguTrifo ngokuhunyushwa kweBhayibheli.
Ukuma kukaGiustino olandelayo kwaba yiRome, lapho asungula khona isikole sobuKristu. Ngenxa yokushushiswa kwamaKristu, uJustin wenza iningi lemfundiso yakhe emizini yabantu. Ubehlala ngenhla kwendoda egama linguMartinus, eduze nase Timiotinian baths.
Izindlela eziningi zokuphatha zikaJustin okukhulunywa ngazo emibhalweni yoFata beSonto bokuqala, kodwa mithathu kuphela imisebenzi eyiqiniso esindayo. Ngezansi kufingqiwe kwamaphuzu abo abalulekile.
Inkhulumomphendvulwano neTrypho
Ithatha indlela yengxoxo nomJuda e-Efesu, le ncwadi iyaphikisana namaSemite ngamazinga anamuhla. Kodwa-ke, kuye kwasebenza njengesivikelo esiyisisekelo sobuKristu iminyaka eminingi. Izazi zikholelwa ukuthi empeleni zabhalwa ngemuva kokuxolisa, acaphuna ngakho. Kungukuphenya okungaphelele kwemfundiso yobuKristu:
ITestamente Elidala linikeza indlela esivumelwaneni esisha;
UJesu Kristu wagcwalisa iziprofetho zeTestamente eliDala;
Izizwe zizoguqulwa, namaKristu abe ngabantu abakhethiweyo abasha.
scusa
Ukuxolisa kukaJustin, incwadi yezikhombo zobuKristu, noma ukuzivikela, kwalotshwa cishe ngonyaka ka-153 AD futhi kwabhekiswa kumbusi u-Antoninus Pius. UJustin wazama ukukhombisa ukuthi ubuKhrestu bebungeyona into eyingozi embusweni wamaRoma kodwa kunalokho kwakuyisistimu yokuziphatha esekelwe okholweni oluvela kuNkulunkulu.
AmaKristu awazona izigebengu;
Bancamela ukufa kunokuphika uNkulunkulu wabo noma bakhonze izithombe;
AmaKhristu ayekhonza uKristu obethelwe kanye loNkulunkulu;
UKristu uyiZwi elingumzimba, noma uLogo;
UbuKristu buphakeme kunezinye izinkolelo;
UJustin wachaza ukukhulekelwa kobuKristu, ubhapathizo ne-Eucharist.
"Ukuxolisa" kwesibili
Isifundi sanamuhla sibheka i-Second Apology njengesengezo kuphela futhi sithi iSonto, uBaba u-Eusebio, wenza iphutha ngenkathi eyihlulela njengedokhumenti lesibili elizimele. Kuyaphikisana futhi ukuthi ngabe yanikezelwa kuMbusi uMarcus Aurelius, isazi sefilosofi esidumile. Ihlanganisa amaphuzu amabili asemqoka:
Kuchaza kabanzi ukungalungi kwe-Urbino kumaKristu;
UNkulunkulu uvumela ububi ngenxa yeProvidence, inkululeko yomuntu kanye nesahlulelo sokugcina.
Okungenani imibhalo eyishumi yasendulo kuthiwa yenziwe nguJustin Martyr, kepha ubufakazi bokuthi ubuqiniso bayo buyangabaza. Iningi labhalwa ngamanye amadoda ngaphansi kwegama likaJustin, okuwumkhuba ojwayelekile ezweni lasendulo.
Wabulawa ngenxa kaKristu
UJustin wabamba impikiswano yasobala eRoma nezazi zefilosofi ezimbili: uMarcion, umhlubuki noCrescens, ongumkhohlisi. Inganekwane ithi uJustin wahlula uCrescens emjahweni wabo futhi, alimale ngokulahleka kwakhe, uCrescens ubike ukuthi uJustin kanye nabafundi bakhe abayisithupha eRustico, induna yaseRoma.
E-akhawuntini ye-165 AD ngecala, uRusticus wabuza uJustin nabanye imibuzo ngezinkolelo zabo. UJustin wafingqa kafushane ngemfundiso yobuKhrestu futhi bonke abanye bavuma ukuthi bangamaKristu. URusticus wabe esebayala ukuba banikele imihlatshelo konkulunkulu baseRoma futhi benqaba.
URusticus wayala ukuba bashayiwe futhi banqunywe ikhanda. UJustin wathi: "Ngomkhuleko singasindiswa ngenxa yeNkosi yethu uJesu Kristu, noma ngabe sesijezisiwe, ngoba lokhu kuzoba yinsindiso nokumethemba esihlalweni sesahlulelo esishaqisayo nesinamandla seNkosi noMsindisi wethu".
Ifa likaJustin
UJustin Martyr, ngekhulu lesibili, wazama ukuvala igebe phakathi kwefilosofi nenkolo. Esikhathini esilandela ukufa kwakhe, nokho, wahlaselwa ngoba wayengeyena nezeyisazi sefilosofi noma umKristu weqiniso. Eqinisweni, wanquma ukuthola ifilosofi yangempela noma engcono futhi wamukela ubuKristu ngenxa yefa lakhe elingokwesiprofetho kanye nokumsulwa kokuziphatha.
Ukubhala kwakhe kushiye incazelo eningilizayo yesisindo sokuqala, kanye nokusikisela kwabantu abathathu kuNkulunkulu oyedwa - uYise, iNdodana noMoya oNgcwele - iminyaka ngaphambi kokuba uTertullian wethule umqondo kaZiqu-zintathu. Ukuvikela kukaJustin ebuKristwini kwagcizelela isimilo nezindinganiso eziphakeme kunePlatonism.
Kwakuzothatha isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka eyi-150 ngemuva kokubulawa kukaJustin ngaphambi kokuba ubuKhristu bamukelwe futhi buphinde bukhuthazwe embusweni wamaRoma. Kodwa-ke, wanikeza isibonelo sendoda eyayithembela ezithembisweni zikaJesu Kristu futhi yaze yabheja impilo yayo kuyo.