UbuBuddha nobungqingili
Abesifazane abangamaBuddha, kuhlanganise nezindela, baye babhekana nokubandlululwa kanzima ezikhungweni zamaBuddha e-Asia amakhulu eminyaka. Kunokungalingani ngokobulili ezinkolweni eziningi zomhlaba, kunjalo, kodwa lokho akuzona izaba. Ingabe ukucwasa ngokobulili kuyingxenye yeBuddhism noma ingabe izikhungo zamaBuddha zithole ukucwasa ngokobulili esikweni lase-Asia? Ingabe ubuBuddha bungakwazi ukuphatha abesifazane njengabalinganayo futhi bahlale bengamaBuddha?
UBuddha womlando kanye nezindela zokuqala
Ake siqale kusukela ekuqaleni, ngoBuddha womlando. Ngokusho kwePali Vinaya neminye imibhalo yokuqala, uBuddha ekuqaleni wenqaba ukumisa abesifazane njengezindela. Uthe ukuvumela abantu besifazane ukuthi bangenele isangha kuzokwenza izimfundiso zakhe ziphile isigamu - iminyaka engu-500 esikhundleni se-1.000.
Umzala kaBuddha u-Ananda wabuza ukuthi sikhona yini isizathu sokuthi kungani abesifazane bengakwazi ukubona ukukhanya futhi bangene eNirvana kanye namadoda. UBuddha wavuma ukuthi sasingekho isizathu sokuthi kungani owesifazane engakhanyiselwa. "Abesifazane, u-Ananda, ngemva kokukwazi ukuqaphela, bayakwazi ukubona isithelo sokufinyelela ukugeleza noma isithelo sokubuya noma isithelo sokungabuyi noma i-arahant," esho.
Lena indaba, nokho. Ezinye izazi-mlando ziphikisa ngokuthi le ndaba yayiyi-invention eyabhalwa emibhalweni kamuva, ngumshicileli ongaziwa. U-Ananda wayeseyingane lapho izindela zokuqala zigcotshwa, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuthi akakwazanga ukweluleka uBuddha.
Imibhalo yokuqala iphinde ithi abanye besifazane ababeyizindela zamaBuddha zokuqala batuswa uBuddha ngokuhlakanipha kwabo futhi abaningi baqaphela ukukhanyiselwa.
Imithetho engalingani yezindela
I-Vinaya-pitaka irekhoda imithetho yokuqala yokuqondisa izindela nezindela. Umbhikkuni (indela) unemithetho ngaphezu kwaleyo enikezwa umbhikku (indela). Ebaluleke kakhulu kule mithetho ibizwa ngokuthi i-Otto Garudhammas ("imithetho enzima"). Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuzithoba ngokuphelele ezindelani; izindela ezindala kufanele kubhekwe "junior" indela yosuku olulodwa.
Ezinye izazi zikhomba ukungezwani phakathi kwe-Pali Bhikkuni Vinaya (isigaba se-Pali Canon ekhuluma ngemithetho yezindela) nezinye izinguqulo zemibhalo futhi ziphakamisa ukuthi imithetho enenzondo eyengeziwe yengezwa ngemva kokufa kukaBuddha. Nomaphi lapho ababevela khona, phakathi namakhulu eminyaka imithetho yayisetshenziswa ezingxenyeni eziningi zase-Asia ukuze kuvinjwe abesifazane ukuba bangagcotshwa.
Lapho izindela eziningi zifa emakhulwini eminyaka adlule, abagcini bemithetho basebenzisa imithetho eyayidinga ukuba khona kwezindela nezindela ezimisiwe ukuze baqondise izindela ukuze kuvinjelwe abesifazane ukuba bagcotshwe. Uma zingekho izindela ezigcotshiwe eziphilayo, ngokwemithetho, angeke kube khona ukugcotshwa kwezindela. Lokhu kwaqeda ngempumelelo ukugcotshwa okuphelele kwezindela emiyalweni yaseTheravada yaseNingizimu-mpumalanga Asia; abesifazane bangaba izimfundamakhwela kuphela. Futhi awukho umyalo wezindela owake wamiswa eTibetan Buddhism, nakuba kukhona ama-lamas athile aseTibet.
Nokho, kunomyalelo wezindelakazi zaseMahayana eShayina naseTaiwan ezingalandelela uhlu lwazo zibuyele ekugcotshweni kokuqala kwezindela. Abanye besifazane baye bagcotshwa njengezindela zaseTheravada phambi kwalezi zindela zaseMahayana, nakuba lokhu kuyimpikiswano enkulu kweminye imiyalo yezindela zaseTheravada.
Nokho, abesifazane baba nomthelela ebuBuddha. Ngatshelwa ukuthi izindela zaseTaiwan zijabulela isikhundla esiphakeme ezweni lazo kunezindela. Isiko leZen liphinde libe namakhosikazi eZen abesabekayo emlandweni walo.
Ingabe abesifazane bangangena eNirvana?
Izimfundiso zamaBuddha mayelana nokukhanyiselwa kwabesifazane ziyaphikisana. Alikho igunya lesikhungo elikhulumela bonke ubuBuddha. Izinkulungwane zezikole namahlelo awalandeli imibhalo efanayo; imibhalo emaphakathi kwezinye izikole ayibonwa njengeyiqiniso kwezinye. Futhi imibhalo ayivumelani.
Isibonelo, i-Sukhavati-vyuha Sutra enkulu, ebizwa nangokuthi i-Aparimitayur Sutra, ingenye ye-sutras emithathu enikeza isisekelo semfundiso yesikole se-Pure Land. Le sutra iqukethe indinyana ngokuvamile ehunyushwa ngokuthi isho ukuthi abesifazane kufanele bazalwe kabusha njengamadoda ngaphambi kokuba bangene eNirvana. Lo mbono uvela ngezikhathi ezithile kweminye imibhalo yaseMahayana, nakuba ngingazi ukuthi iku-Pali Canon.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Vimalakirti Sutra ifundisa ukuthi ubudoda nobufazi, njengokunye ukuhlukana okumangalisayo, empeleni akukona okwangempela. "Ngalokhu engqondweni, uBuddha wathi," Kukho konke, akekho owesilisa noma owesifazane "." I-Vimilakirti iwumbhalo obalulekile ezikoleni eziningana zaseMahayana, kuhlanganise neTibetan kanye neZen Buddhism.
"Wonke umuntu uthola iDharma ngendlela efanayo"
Naphezu kwezithiyo ezimelene nabo, kuwo wonke umlando wamaBuddha, abesifazane abaningi baye bathola inhlonipho ngokuqonda kwabo i-dharma.
Sengike ngababalula amakhosikazi amaZen. Ngesikhathi segolide se-Ch'an (Zen) Buddhism (eShayina, cishe ngekhulu lesi-7-9) abesifazane bafunda nothisha besilisa, futhi abanye baqashelwa njengezindlalifa ze-Dharma kanye nezingcweti zaseCh'an. Lezi zihlanganisa uLiu Tiemo, obizwa ngokuthi "Iron Grindstone"; Moshan; kanye ne-Miaoxin. UMoshan wayenguthisha wezindela nezindela.
U-Eihei Dogen (1200-1253) ulethe i-Soto Zen esuka e-China eya e-Japan futhi ungomunye wamakhosi ahlonishwa kakhulu emlandweni we-Zen. Esitatimendeni esibizwa ngokuthi uRaihai Tokuzui, u-Dogen uthe, "Ekutholeni i-dharma, wonke umuntu uthola i-dharma ngendlela efanayo. Wonke umuntu kufanele ahloniphe futhi acabangele labo abathole i-dharma. Ungabuzi ukuthi ngowesilisa noma owesifazane. Lona umthetho omangalisayo weBuddha-dharma. "
UbuBuddha namuhla
Namuhla, abesifazane abangamaBuddha baseNtshonalanga ngokuvamile babheka ubulili bezikhungo njengensalela yesiko lase-Asia elingasuswa ngokuhlinzwa yi-dharma. Amanye ama-monastic oda aseNtshonalanga ayahlanganiswa, amadoda nabesifazane belandela imithetho efanayo.
“E-Asia, imiyalo yodade isebenzela ukuba kube nezimo ezingcono nemfundo, kodwa emazweni amaningi kusekude phambili. Ubandlululo lwamakhulu eminyaka ngeke luqedwe ngokuphazima kweso. Ukulingana kuzoba umzabalazo kwezinye izikole namasiko kunezinye, kodwa kunomfutho obheke ekulinganeni futhi angisiboni isizathu sokuthi kungani lowo mfutho ungaqhubeki.