Iyini inkolo?
Abaningi bathi i-etymology yenkolo ihlala egameni lesiLatini i-religare, okusho ukuthi "ukubopha, ukubopha". Lokhu kubonakala kusekelwa ekucatshangweni ukuthi kuyasiza ukuchaza amandla okumele ukuthi inkolo ibophele umuntu emphakathini, emasikweni, enkambweni yokusebenza, emibonweni, njll. I-Oxford English Dictionary iveza, noma kunjalo, ukuthi i-etymology yaleli gama iyangabazeka. Ababhali bangaphambilini abanjengoCicero baxhumanise leli gama ne- relegere, okusho ukuthi "ukuphinda ufunde" (mhlawumbe ukugcizelela inkambiso yezinkolo?).
Abanye baphikisana nokuthi inkolo ayikho ngisho nakuqala: kukhona isiko kuphela, nenkolo imane iyisici esibalulekile sesiko labantu. UJonathan Z. Smith ubhala kwi-Imagining Religion:
“… Yize kunenani elimangazayo ledatha yomuntu, izenzakalo, okuhlangenwe nakho kanye nezinkulumo ezingabonakala kwesinye isiko noma kwesinye, ngemigomo ethile noma enye, njengenkolo - ayikho imininingwane yenkolo. Inkolo ingukudala kokufunda kwesazi kuphela. Idalelwe izinhloso zesazi zokuhlaziya ezivela ezenzweni zakhe zokucabanga zokuqhathanisa nokwenza okuningana. Inkolo ayikho ngaphandle kwe-academia. "
Kuyiqiniso ukuthi imiphakathi eminingi ayenzi umugqa ocacile phakathi kwesiko layo nalokho izazi ezingakubiza ngokuthi "inkolo," ngakho-ke uSmith unephuzu elizwakalayo. Lokhu akusho ukuthi inkolo ayikho, kepha kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi noma sicabanga ukuthi sinesandla kulokho okuyikho inkolo, kungenzeka ukuthi siyazikhohlisa ngoba asikwazi ukuhlukanisa okungokwenkolo "yesiko" kuphela nokuthi iyiphi ingxenye yesiko elikhudlwana uqobo lwalo.
Izincazelo ezisebenzayo nezisusayo zenkolo
Imizamo eminingi yezifundo nezemfundo yokuchaza noma yokuchaza inkolo ingahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezimbili: ukusebenza noma ukuqinisa. Ngayinye imele umbono ohluke kakhulu ngohlobo lomsebenzi wenkolo. Yize kungenzeka ukuthi umuntu amukele zombili lezi zinhlobo njengezisebenzayo, empeleni abantu abaningi bazothambekela ekugxileni ohlotsheni oluthile bakhiphe olunye.
Izincazelo ezingezansi zenkolo
Uhlobo umuntu agxile kulo lungatshela okuningi mayelana nokuthi bacabangani ngenkolo nokuthi bayibona kanjani inkolo empilweni yomuntu. Kulabo abagxila encazelweni enamandla noma ebalulekile, inkolo imayelana nokuqukethwe: uma ukholwa izinhlobo ezithile zezinto unenkolo, kanti uma ungazikholwa, awunayo inkolo. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi ukukholelwa konkulunkulu, ukukholelwa emimoyeni, noma ukukholelwa entweni eyaziwa ngokuthi "ingcwele".
Ukwamukela incazelo enamandla yenkolo ukubheka inkolo njengohlobo lwefilosofi, uhlelo oluyinqaba lwezinkolelo, noma mhlawumbe ukuqonda nje okuyisisekelo kwemvelo neqiniso. Ngokombono obalulekile noma obalulekile, inkolo yaqala futhi yasinda njengebhizinisi lokuqagela eliqukethe ukuzama ukuziqonda thina noma umhlaba wethu futhi alihlangene nakancane nempilo yethu yezenhlalo noma yezengqondo.
Izincazelo ezisebenzayo zenkolo
Kulabo abagxila kwizincazelo zabasebenzi, inkolo konke ekwenzayo: uma uhlelo lwakho lokukholelwa ludlala indima ethile empilweni yakho yezenhlalo, emphakathini wakho noma empilweni yakho engokwengqondo, lapho-ke kuyinkolo; ngaphandle kwalokho, kungenye into (njengefilosofi). Izibonelo zezincazelo ze-functionalist zifaka phakathi inkolo njengento ehlanganisa umphakathi noma eqeda ukwesaba komuntu ukufa.
Ukwamukela izincazelo ezinjengalezi zokusebenza kuholela ekuqondeni okuhluke ngokuphelele ngemvelaphi nemvelo yenkolo kunezincazelo ezinamandla. Ngokombono wokusebenza, inkolo ayikho ukuchaza umhlaba wethu kepha ukusisiza siphile emhlabeni, ngokusibopha ndawonye kwezenhlalo noma ngokusisekela ngokwengqondo nangokomzwelo. Amasiko, ngokwesibonelo, akhona ukusihlanganisa sonke njengeyunithi noma ukugcina ingqondo iphilile ezweni elinezinxushunxushu.
Ukuchazwa kwenkolo okusetshenziswe kule sayithi akugxili ekubonakaleni kokusebenza kwenkolo noma ekubalulekeni kwenkolo; esikhundleni salokho, izama ukufaka zombili izinhlobo zezinkolelo kanye nezinhlobo zemisebenzi inkolo evame ukuba nayo. Manje kungani uthathe isikhathi eside kangaka ukuchaza nokuxoxa ngalezi zinhlobo zezincazelo?
Yize singasebenzisi incazelo ethile yokusebenza kahle noma ebalulekile lapha, kuyiqiniso ukuthi izincazelo ezinjalo zinganikeza izindlela ezithokozisayo zokubheka inkolo, zisenze sigxile esicini ebesingasinaki. Kuyadingeka ukuqonda ukuthi kungani ngalinye livumelekile ukuqonda kangcono ukuthi kungani kungekho okuphakeme kunomunye. Okokugcina, njengoba izincwadi eziningi ngenkolo zivame ukukhetha uhlobo oluthile lwencazelo kunolunye, ukuqonda ukuthi ziyini kunganikeza umbono ocacile wokubandlulula nokucabanga kwabalobi.
Izincazelo Eziyinkinga Zenkolo
Izincazelo zenkolo zivame ukubhekana nenkinga eyodwa kwezimbili: noma ngabe zincane kakhulu futhi zilahla izinkolelo eziningi ezivumelana kakhulu nenkolo, noma azicaci futhi ziyindida, ziphakamisa ukuthi cishe noma yini nakho konke kuyinkolo. Ngoba kulula kakhulu ukuwela enkingeni eyodwa emzamweni wokugwema enye, izimpikiswano mayelana nohlobo lwenkolo cishe ngeke ziphele.
Isibonelo esihle sencazelo emincane kakhulu ukuba mncane kakhulu ngumzamo ojwayelekile wokuchaza "inkolo" ngokuthi "ukukholelwa kuNkulunkulu", ngaphandle kokukhipha izinkolo ezikholelwa kakhulu kuNkulunkulu nezinkolo ezingakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu, kuyilapho kufaka phakathi ama-theist angenayo inkolelo yezenkolo. Le nkinga siyibona kaningi phakathi kwalabo abacabanga ukuthi isimo esiqinile senkolo eyodwa yaseNtshonalanga abazijwayele kumele ngandlela thile sibe yisici esidingekayo senkolo jikelele. Kuyaqabukela ukubona leli phutha elenziwa yizazi, okungenani ngaphezulu.
Isibonelo esihle sencazelo engacacile ukuthambekela kokuchaza inkolo "njengombono womhlaba" - kepha kanjani umbono wezwe ukuthi ufaneleke njengenkolo? Kungaba yinto engenangqondo ukucabanga ukuthi noma yiluphi uhlelo lwezinkolelo noma umbono ungowenkolo nje, noma ngabe inkolo ephelele, kepha lokhu kungumphumela wendlela abanye abazama ngayo ukusebenzisa leli gama.
Abanye baphikise ngokuthi inkolo ayinzima ukuyichaza kanti nenqwaba yezincazelo eziphikisanayo ingubufakazi bokuthi ilula kangakanani. Inkinga yangempela, ngokusho kwalesi sikhundla, ilele ekutholeni incazelo ewusizo futhi evivinywayo ngokomzimba - futhi kuyiqiniso impela ukuthi izincazelo eziningi ezimbi zingasuswa ngokushesha uma abaxhasi befaka umsebenzi othile wokuzihlola.
I-Encyclopedia of Philosophy ibala izici zezinkolo kunokumemezela ukuthi inkolo iyinto eyodwa noma enye, iphikisa ngokuthi lapho abamaki abaningi bekhona ohlelweni lwezinkolelo, kuba "kufana nenkolo" kakhulu:
Ukukholelwa kwizidalwa zomoya ezingaphezulu.
Umehluko phakathi kwezinto ezingcwele nezingcolile.
Izenzo zesiko zigxile ezintweni ezingcwele.
Ikhodi yokuziphatha yayibonwa sengathi ivunyelwe onkulunkulu.
Imizwa yenkolo ejwayelekile (ukwesaba, umuzwa wemfihlakalo, ukuba necala, ukukhonza), okuvame ukuvuswa lapho kukhona izinto ezingcwele nangesikhathi sokwenza isiko futhi okuxhumene nomqondo nonkulunkulu.
Umkhuleko nezinye izindlela zokuxhumana nonkulunkulu.
Ukubuka umhlaba, noma isithombe jikelele somhlaba wonkana nendawo yomuntu uqobo kuwo. Lesi sithombe siqukethe imininingwane ethile yenhloso ejwayelekile noma iphuzu emhlabeni kanye nenkomba yokuthi lowo muntu ungena kanjani kuso.
Inhlangano engaphezulu noma engaphansi ngokuphelele yempilo yomuntu ngokususelwa ekubukeni komhlaba.
Iqembu lezenhlalo elihlanganiswe yilokhu okungenhla.
Le ncazelo ithwebula okuningi okuyikho inkolo emasikweni ehlukene. Kubandakanya izici zomphakathi, ezengqondo nezomlando futhi kuvumela izindawo ezinkulu ezimpunga kumqondo wenkolo. Iphinde ibone ukuthi "inkolo" ikhona ngokuqhubeka nezinye izinhlobo zezinkolelo, ukuze ezinye zingakholwa neze, ezinye zisondele kakhulu ezinkolweni, kanti ezinye ziyizinkolo impela.
Le ncazelo ayinamaphutha, noma kunjalo. Umaki wokuqala, isibonelo, ukhathaza "izidalwa ezingaphezu kwemvelo" futhi unikeza "onkulunkulu" njengesibonelo, kepha kamuva kukhulunywa ngonkulunkulu kuphela. Umqondo "wezidalwa ezingaphezu kwemvelo" ubuye ucace kakhulu; UMircea Eliade uchaze inkolo ngokubhekisa ekugxileni "kokungcwele", futhi lokhu kuyisikhundla esihle "sezidalwa ezingaphezulu kwemvelo" ngoba akuzona zonke izinkolo ezihambisana namandla angaphezu kwawemvelo.
Incazelo engcono yenkolo
Njengoba amaphutha encazelweni engenhla mancane, kulula ukwenza ushintsho oluncane futhi uthole incazelo engcono kakhulu yokuthi iyiphi inkolo:
Kholelwa entweni engcwele (isibonelo, onkulunkulu noma ezinye izidalwa zomoya).
Umehluko phakathi kwezikhala ezingcwele nezingcolile kanye / noma izinto.
Izenzo zesiko zigxile ezikhaleni ezingcwele kanye / noma ezintweni.
Ikhodi yokuziphatha iyakholelwa ukuthi inesisekelo esingcwele noma esingaphezu kwemvelo.
Imizwa ejwayelekile yenkolo (ukumangala, umuzwa wokungaqondakali, umuzwa wecala, wokudumisa), ovame ukuvuswa phambi kwezikhala ezingcwele kanye / noma izinto naphakathi komkhuba wesiko obheka izikhala ezingcwele, izinto noma izidalwa.
Umkhuleko kanye nezinye izindlela zokuxhumana nabaphezulu.
Umbono womhlaba, umbono noma isithombe jikelele somhlaba wonkana nendawo yabantu abakuwo equkethe incazelo yenjongo ejwayelekile noma iphuzu lomhlaba nokuthi abantu bangena kanjani kuwo.
Inhlangano engacishe iphelele yempilo yomuntu ngokususelwa ekubukweni komhlaba.
Iqembu lezenhlalo elixhumeke futhi ngaphezulu kwalokhu okungenhla.
Le yincazelo yenkolo echaza izinhlelo zenkolo kepha hhayi izinhlelo ezingezona ezenkolo. Kuyaqonda izici ezijwayelekile ezinhlelweni zokukholelwa ngokuvamile ezaziwa njengezinkolo ngaphandle kokugxila ezicini ezithile ezihlukile kwabambalwa.