Ubani owabhala iKoran futhi nini?
Amagama eQuran aqoqwa njengoba embulelwa uMphrofethi uMuhammad, enziwa ngenkumbulo amaSulumane okuqala futhi aqoshwa ngokubhala ngababhali.
Ngaphansi kokuqondisa koMprofethi uMuhammad
Ngenkathi iQuran idalulwa, uMprofethi uMuhammad wenza amalungiselelo akhethekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi liyabhalwa. Yize uMprofethi uMuhammad uqobo ayengakwazi ukufunda nokubhala, wawatshela ngomlomo la mavesi futhi wayala ababhali ukuthi babone isambulo kunoma yini ekhona: amagatsha ezihlahla, amatshe, isikhumba namathambo. Ababhali babevele bafundele uMprofethi imibhalo yabo, owayebahlolela amaphutha. Njengoba kuvezwe ivesi ngalinye elisha, uMprofethi uMuhammad naye wabizela indawo yalo emzimbeni okhulayo wemibhalo.
Ngenkathi uMphrofethi uMuhammad efa, iQuran yabhalwa ngokuphelele. Kodwa-ke, kwakungekho ngesimo sencwadi. Kwaqoshwa emibhalweni nasezintweni ezahlukahlukene, ezazibanjelwe kozakwabo boMprofethi.
Ngaphansi kokuqondiswa kukaCaliph Abu Bakr
Ngemuva kokushona kukaMprofethi uMuhammad, yonke iQuran yaqhubeka ikhunjulwa ezinhliziyweni zamaSulumane okuqala. Amakhulu Abangane Bokuqala boMprofethi babekhumbule sonke isambulo, futhi nsuku zonke amaSulumane ayefunda izingxenye eziningi zombhalo enkumbulweni yabo. AmaSulumane amaningi okuqala ayenamakhophi abhaliwe e-Qur'an aqoshwe ezintweni ezahlukahlukene.
Eminyakeni eyishumi ngemuva kweHijrah (632 AD), abaningi balaba babhali kanye nabazinikele ekuqaleni kwamaSulumane babulawa empini yaseYamama. Ngesikhathi umphakathi ukhala ngokulahlekelwa ngabangane babo, baqala nokukhathazeka ngokulondolozwa kweQuran eNgcwele isikhathi eside. Ebona ukuthi amazwi ka-Allah kufanele aqoqwe endaweni eyodwa futhi agcinwe, uCaliph Abu Bakr wayala bonke abantu ababebhale amakhasi e-Qur'an ukuba bawahlanganise endaweni eyodwa. Le phrojekthi yahlelwa futhi yaqondiswa ngomunye wababhali abaphambili boMprofethi Muhammad, uZayd bin Thabit.
Inqubo yokuhlanganisa i-Quran kusuka kulawa makhasi ahlukahlukene abhaliwe yenziwe ngezigaba ezine:
UZayd bin Thabit uqinisekise ivesi ngalinye ngememori yakhe.
Umar ibn Al-Khattab uqinisekise wonke amavesi. Womabili la madoda ayeyibambe ngekhanda yonke iKoran.
Ofakazi ababili abathembekile kwakumele bafakaze ukuthi amavesi lawo abhalwa phambi koMprofethi uMuhammad.
Amavesi abhaliwe aqinisekisiwe aqoqwa nalawo amaqoqo abanye abangane.
Le ndlela yokuhlola nokuqinisekisa evela emithonjeni engaphezu kweyodwa yamukelwe ngokucophelela okukhulu. Inhloso bekuwukulungisa idokhumenti ehlelekile umphakathi wonke ongayibuyekeza, uyivume futhi uyisebenzise njengesisetshenziswa lapho sidingeka.
Lo mbhalo ophelele weQur'an wabanjelwa ku-Abu Bakr wabe usudlulela kwenye ikholi elandelayo, u-Umar ibn Al-Khattab. Ngemuva kokushona kwakhe, banikezwa indodakazi yakhe uHafsah (owayengumfelokazi woMphrofethi uMuhammad).
Ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukaCaliph Uthman bin Affan
Ngenkathi ubuSulumane buqala ukusakazeka kulo lonke iPeninsula yase-Arabia, abantu abaningi ngokwengeziwe bangena esibayeni samaSulumane besuka ezindaweni ezikude njengasePheresiya naseByzantine. Iningi lala maSulumane amasha lalingezona izikhulumi zomdabu zase-Arabhu noma lalikhuluma ngokuphinyiselwa okuhlukile kwe-Arabhu ezizweni zaseMecca naseMadina. Abantu baqala ukuphikisana ngokuthi imaphi amagama aphinyiselwe kahle. UCaliph Uthman bin Affan uzithathele yena ukuthi aqinisekise ukuthi ukuphindwaphindwa kweQuran kuyindlela yokubiza esezingeni elifanele.
Isinyathelo sokuqala kwaba ukuboleka ikhophi yokuqala, ehlanganisiwe yeQuran kwaHafsah. Ikomidi lababhali bokuqala abangamaSulumane labekwa icala lokwenza imibhalo yekhophi langempela nokuqinisekisa ukulandelana kwezahluko (sura). Lapho lawo makhophi aphelele eseqediwe, u-Uthman bin Affan wayala ukuthi kubhalwe phansi yonke imibhalo esele, ukuze wonke amakhophi e-Quran afane embhalweni.
Onke amaQur'an akhona emhlabeni namuhla afana ncamashi nohlobo lwe-Uthmani, olwaqedwa ngaphansi kweminyaka engamashumi amabili ngemuva kokufa kukaMprofethi uMuhammad.
Ngemuva kwalokho, kwenziwa ukuthuthuka okuncane embhalweni wesi-Arabhu (okwengeza amachashazi kanye nama-diacritics) ukwenza ukufunda kube lula kwabangewona ama-Arabhu. Kodwa-ke, umbhalo weQuran uhlala unjalo.