ICoronavirus: ubani ozothola umuthi wokugoma kuqala? Lizobiza malini?

Uma noma lapho ososayensi bekwazi ukwenza umuthi wokugoma we-coronavirus, ngeke kube khona okwanele ukuhambahamba.

Amalabhorethri ocwaningo kanye nezinkampani ezithaka imithi zibhala kabusha umthethonqubo ngesikhathi esithathayo ukuthuthukisa, ukuhlola nokwenza umuthi wokugoma osebenzayo.

Kuthathwa izinyathelo ezingakaze zibonwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukukhishwa komuthi wokugoma kwenzeka emhlabeni wonke. Kepha kuyesatshwa ukuthi umjaho wokuthola owodwa uzowinwa amazwe acebe kakhulu, kulimaze labo abasengozini enkulu.

Ngakho-ke ngubani ozoyithola kuqala, izobiza malini futhi, enkingeni yomhlaba, singaqiniseka kanjani ukuthi akekho osala ngemuva?

Imigomo yokulwa nezifo ezithathelwanayo imvamisa kuthatha iminyaka ukuyihlakulela, ukuyihlola nokusabalalisa. Noma kunjalo, impumelelo yabo ayiqinisekisiwe.

Kuze kube manje, yisifo esisodwa kuphela esithathelwanayo esiqedwe nya - ingxibongo - futhi sesithathe iminyaka engama-200.

Okunye - kusuka ku-poliomyelitis kuya ku-tetanus, isimungumungwane, ukuqubuzana nesifo sofuba - siphila noma ngaphandle, ngenxa yokugonywa.

Singawulindela nini umuthi wokugoma we-coronavirus?

Izilingo ezibandakanya izinkulungwane zabantu sezivele ziyaqhubeka ukubona ukuthi imuphi umuthi wokugoma ongawuvikela kuCovid-19, isifo sokuphefumula esibangelwa i-coronavirus.

Inqubo evame ukuthatha iminyaka emihlanu kuya kweyishumi, kusuka ocwaningweni kuya ekulethweni, iyehliswa ibe izinyanga. Okwamanje, umkhiqizo usukhulile, nabatshali bezimali nabakhiqizi bebeka engcupheni izigidigidi zamaRandi ukulungela ukukhiqiza umuthi wokugoma osebenzayo.

I-Russia ithi ukuhlolwa komuthi wayo wokugomela uSputnik-V kukhombise izimpawu zokuphendula kwamagciwane ezigulini nokugoma inqwaba kuzoqala ngo-Okthoba. I-China ithi ithuthukise umuthi wokugoma ophumelelayo owenziwa ukuthi utholakale kubasebenzi bayo bezempi. Kepha ukukhathazeka kuzwakalisiwe ngejubane okwenziwe ngalo imijovo yomibili.

Futhi abekho ohlwini lwemigomo yokugoma ye-World Health Organisation efinyelele esigabeni sesithathu sezivivinyo zokwelashwa, isigaba esibandakanya ukuhlolwa okusabalele kubantu.

Abanye balaba bantu abazohola phambili banethemba lokuthi bazothola imvume yokugoma ngasekupheleni konyaka, yize i-WHO ithe ayilindelanga ukuthi kugonywe iCovid-19 kuze kube maphakathi no-2021.

Umkhiqizi wezidakamizwa waseBrithani u-AstraZeneca, onikezwe ilayisense yokugoma evela e-University of Oxford, ukhulisa amandla aso okukhiqiza emhlabeni jikelele futhi uvumile ukunikezela ngemithamo eyizigidi eziyi-100 e-UK kuphela futhi mhlawumbe nezigidigidi ezimbili emhlabeni jikelele - uma kufanele iphumelele. Ukuhlolwa komtholampilo kumisiwe kuleli sonto ngemuva kokuthi obambe iqhaza abe nokusabela okungekuhle e-UK.

I-Pfizer neBioNTech, abathi batshale imali engaphezulu kwe- $ 1 billion ohlelweni lwabo lwe-Covid-19 ukwenza umuthi wokugoma i-mRNA, balindele ukuthi bakulungele ukufuna uhlobo oluthile lokuvunyelwa kokulawula ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba nonyaka. unyaka.

Uma kuvunyelwe, lokho kungasho ukukhiqiza imithamo efinyelela ezigidini eziyi-100 ngasekupheleni kuka-2020 futhi ngamanani angaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1,3 ngasekupheleni kuka-2021.

Kunezinye izinkampani ezenza imithi ezingama-20 ezinezivivinyo zomtholampilo eziqhubekayo.

Akuzona zonke ezizophumelela - imvamisa kuphela cishe u-10% wezilingo zokugoma eziphumelelayo. Ithemba ukuthi ukunakwa komhlaba wonke, ubudlelwano obusha nenhloso ejwayelekile kukhulisa izingqinamba kulokhu.

Kepha noma omunye wale mithi yokugoma uphumelela, ukusilela ngokushesha kuyabonakala.

Isivivinyo sokugoma i-Oxford samiswa lapho umbambiqhaza egula
Siseduze kangakanani ukwakha umuthi wokugoma?
Vimbela Ubuzwe Bokugoma
Ohulumeni bavimba ukubheja kwabo ukuthola imigomo engaba khona, benza amadili wezigidi zemithamo nohlu lwabazobhapathizwa ngaphambi kokuthi noma yini iqinisekiswe ngokusemthethweni noma ivunyelwe.

Uhulumeni wase-UK, ngokwesibonelo, usayine izivumelwano zezimali ezingadalulwanga zemithi yokugoma eyi-coronavirus engaba yisithupha engaphumelela noma engaphumeleli.

I-United States inethemba lokuthi izothola imithamo eyizigidi ezingama-300 ngoJanuwari kusuka kuhlelo lwayo lokutshala imali ukusheshisa umuthi wokugoma oyimpumelelo. Izikhungo ze-U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) zize zeluleka amazwe ukuthi azilungiselele ukwethulwa komuthi wokugoma ngaphambi kukaNovemba 1.

Kepha akuwona wonke amazwe akwazi ukwenza okufanayo.

Izinhlangano ezinjengeDoctors Without Borders, okuvame ukuba phambili ekuhlinzekweni kwemithi yokugoma, zithi ukwenza amadili asezingeni eliphezulu nezinkampani ezithaka imithi kudala "umkhuba oyingozi wobuzwe bokugoma yizizwe ezicebile kakhulu."

Lokhu-ke kwehlisa amasheya omhlaba atholakala kwabasengozini kakhulu emazweni ampofu.

Esikhathini esedlule, intengo yemithi yokugoma esindisa impilo ishiye amazwe elwela kanzima ukugoma izingane ngokuphelele ezifweni ezinjenge-meningitis, isibonelo.

UDkt Mariângela Simão, iPhini likaMqondisi-Jikelele we-WHO elibhekele ukufinyelela emithini nasemikhiqizweni yezempilo, uthi sidinga ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ubuzwe bokugoma buyagcinwa.

"Inselelo kuzoba ukuqinisekisa ukufinyelela ngokulingana, ukuthi wonke amazwe ayakwazi ukufinyelela, hhayi kuphela lawo akhokha kakhulu."

Ingabe kukhona iqembu lokugoma lomhlaba wonke?
I-WHO isebenza neqembu elibhekele ukubhebhetheka kwesifo, i-Cepi, ne-Vaccine Alliance yohulumeni nezinhlangano, eyaziwa nge-Gavi, ukuzama ukulinganisa inkundla yokudlala.

Okungenani amazwe acebile kanye nezomnotho angama-80, kuze kube manje, asejoyine uhlelo lokugoma lomhlaba wonke olwaziwa nge-Covax, oluhlose ukukhulisa u- $ 2 billion (£ 1,52 billion) ekupheleni kuka-2020 ukusiza ukuthenga nokusabalalisa umuthi ngendlela efanele kulo lonke ibhodi. Umhlaba. Izwe laseMelika elifuna ukushiya i-WHO aliyona enye yazo.

Ngokuhlanganisa izinsizakusebenza eCovax, ababambiqhaza banethemba lokuqinisekisa ukuthi amazwe angama-92 ahola kancane e-Afrika, e-Asia naseLatin America nawo "anokufinyelela okusheshayo, okulungile nokulingana" emithini yokugoma i-Covid-19.

Lesi sikhungo sisiza ukuxhasa ngezimali izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zocwaningo nentuthuko futhi sisekela abakhiqizi ekwandiseni umkhiqizo lapho kudingeka khona.

Ukuba nephothifoliyo enkulu yokuhlolwa kwemithi yokugoma ebhaliswe ohlelweni lwabo, banethemba lokuthi okungenani eyodwa izophumelela ukuze bakwazi ukuletha imithamo eyizigidigidi ezimbili yemithi yokugoma ephephile nephumelelayo ekupheleni kuka-2021.

"Ngemithi yokugoma i-COVID-19 sifuna izinto zehluke," kusho isikhulu seGavi uDkt Seth Berkley. "Uma kuphela amazwe acebile emhlabeni evikelekile, ukuhwebelana kwamazwe omhlaba, ezohwebo kanye nomphakathi wonkana kuzoqhubeka nokushaywa kakhulu njengoba ubhadane lusaqhubeka nolaka emhlabeni jikelele."

Lizobiza malini?
Ngenkathi kutshalwa izigidigidi zamaRandi ekuthuthukiseni umuthi wokugoma, izigidi ezengeziwe zithembise ukuthenga nokuhlinzeka umuthi wokugoma.

Amanani entengo ngayinye ancike ohlotsheni lomuthi wokugoma, umkhiqizi kanye nenani lamanani alayishiwe. Inkampani yezokwelapha iModerna, ngokwesibonelo, ithengisa ukufinyelela emthonjeni wayo wokugoma ongaba phakathi kuka- $ 32 no- $ 37 (£ 24 kuya ku- £ 28).

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-AstraZeneca, ithe izonikeza umuthi wayo wokugoma "ngentengo" - amadola ambalwa ngomthamo ngamunye - ngesikhathi sobhadane.

ISerum Institute of India (SSI), umkhiqizi wokugoma omkhulu kunayo yonke emhlabeni, usekelwa ngamaRandi ayizigidi eziyi-150 kwaGavi naseBill & Melinda Gates Foundation ukukhiqiza nokunikezela ngemithamo efinyelela ezigidini eziyikhulu yemithi yokugoma iCovid-100 iphumelele eNdiya nasemazweni anemali engenayo ephansi naphakathi. Bathi inani eliphezulu kuzoba ngu- $ 19 (£ 3) ngokusebenza ngakunye.

Kepha iziguli ezithola umuthi wokugoma akunakwenzeka ukuthi zikhokhiswe ezimweni eziningi.

E-UK, ukusatshalaliswa kwabantu abaningi kuzokwenzeka ngesevisi yezempilo ye-NHS. Abafundi bezokwelapha nabahlengikazi, odokotela bamazinyo kanye nodokotela bezilwane bangaqeqeshwa ukusekela abasebenzi be-NHS abakhona ekuphatheni i-jab ngobuningi. Ukubonisana okwamanje kuyaqhubeka.

Amanye amazwe, njenge-Australia, athe azonikela ngemithamo yamahhala kubantu bawo.

Abantu abathola imijovo yokugoma ngokusebenzisa izinhlangano zosizo - i-cog ebalulekile esondweni lokusatshalaliswa komhlaba wonke - ngeke bakhokhiswe.

E-United States, ngenkathi umjovo ungakhokhwa mahhala, ochwepheshe bezokunakekelwa kwempilo bangakhokhisa izindleko zokuphatha isibhamu, kushiye abaseMelika bengaqinisekisiwe abangabhekana nesikweletu somuthi wokugoma.

Manje ngubani othola kuqala?
Yize izinkampani zemithi zizokhiqiza lo muthi wokugoma, ngeke zinqume ukuthi ngubani oyogonywa kuqala.

"Inhlangano noma izwe ngalinye kuzofanele linqume ukuthi ngubani oyogoma kuqala nokuthi bakwenza kanjani," kusho uSir Mene Pangalos - IPhini likaMongameli oPhethe we-AstraZeneca utshele i-BBC.

Njengoba ukunikezwa kokuqala kuzokhawulelwa, ukunciphisa ukufa nokuvikela izinhlelo zezempilo kungenzeka kubhekwe kuqala.

Uhlelo lweGavi lubona kusengaphambili ukuthi amazwe abhalise eCovax, imali engenayo ephezulu noma ephansi, azothola imithamo eyanele ngo-3% wabantu bawo, okuzokwanela ukumboza abasebenzi bezempilo nezenhlalakahle.

Njengoba kukhiqizwa umuthi wokugoma omningi, isabelo siyakhushulwa ukumboza abantu abangama-20%, kulokhu kubekwa phambili kwabangaphezu kwama-65 kanye namanye amaqembu asengozini.

Ngemuva kokuthi bonke sebethole ama-20%, umuthi wokugoma uzosatshalaliswa ngokuya ngemigomo ethile, njengobungozi bezwe kanye nosongo olusheshayo lweCovid-19.

Amazwe kuze kube nguSepthemba 18 ukuthi azibophezele kulolu hlelo futhi akhokhe ngaphambi kuka-Okthoba 9. Izingxoxo zisaqhubeka zezinye izinto eziningi zenqubo yokuklonyeliswa.

“Ukuphela kokuqiniseka ukuthi ngeke kube khona okwanele - konke okunye kusesemoyeni,” kusho uDkt. Simao.

UGavi ugcizelela ukuthi ababambiqhaza abacebile bangadinga imithamo eyanele yokugoma phakathi kuka-10-50% wabantu babo, kepha alikho izwe elizothola imithamo eyanele yokugoma ngaphezu kuka-20% kuze kube yilapho wonke amazwe aseqenjini enikezwe leli nani.

UDkt Berkley uthi kuzobekelwa eceleni i-buffer encane cishe engama-5% yenani eliphelele lemithamo, "ukwakha inqwaba yokusiza ngokuqubuka okukhulu nokusekela izinhlangano zosizo, ngokwesibonelo ukugoma ababaleki abangahle anginakho ukufinyelela ".

Umuthi wokugoma ofanele unokuningi ongaphila ngakho. Kufanele kube lula. Kumele ikhiqize amasosha omzimba aqinile futhi ahlala njalo. Kudinga uhlelo olulula lokusabalalisa esiqandisini futhi abakhiqizi badinga ukukwazi ukukhuphula umkhiqizo ngokushesha.

I-WHO, i-UNICEF kanye neMedecins Sans Frontieres (MFS / Doctors Without Borders), sezivele zinezinhlelo ezisebenzayo zokugoma ezikhona emhlabeni wonke ngezinhlaka ezibizwa nge- "cold chain": amaloli apholile kanye neziqandisi zelanga imigomo ekushiseni okulungile ngenkathi usuka efektri uye ensimini.

Ukulethwa kwemithi yokugoma emhlabeni wonke "kuzodinga amajetshi ama-jumbo ayi-8.000"
Kepha ukwengeza umuthi wokugoma omusha kulengxube kungadala izinkinga ezinkulu zokuhlela kulabo asebevele babhekene nendawo eyinselele.

Imigomo ngokuvamile idinga ukugcinwa esiqandisini, imvamisa iphakathi kuka-2 ° C no-8 ° C.

Akuyona inselelo enkulu emazweni amaningi athuthukile, kepha kungaba "ngumsebenzi omkhulu" lapho ingqalasizinda ibuthaka khona nokuhlinzekwa kukagesi nefriji kungazinzile.

"Ukugcina imishanguzo ebandayo sekuvele kungezinye zezinselelo ezinkulu ezibhekene namazwe futhi lokhu kuzobhebhetheka ngokwethulwa komuthi omusha wokugoma," kusho uBarbara Saitta, ongumeluleki wezokwelapha kwiMSF, etshela i-BBC.

"Kuzofanele ungeze okunye okokusebenza okubandayo, uqiniseke ukuthi uhlala unophethiloli (ukusebenzisa amafriji neziqandisi uma ungekho ugesi) bese uwalungisa / uwabuyisele lapho ephuka uwahambisa lapho ubadinga khona."

U-AstraZeneca uphakamise ukuthi umjovo wabo wokugoma uzodinga uchungechunge olubandayo olujwayelekile phakathi kuka-2 ° C no-8 ° C.

Kepha kubonakala sengathi eminye imijovo yokugoma ikhandidethi izodinga isitoreji esibandayo se-ultra-60 ° C noma ngaphansi ngaphambi kokuhlanjululwa nokusatshalaliswa.

"Ukugcina umuthi wokugomela i-Ebola u-60 ° C noma ubanda kakhulu bekufanele sisebenzise imishini ekhethekile yamakhaza ukugcina nokuyithutha, futhi bekufanele siqeqeshe nabasebenzi ukuthi basebenzise yonke le mishini emisha," kusho uBarbara. Saitta.

Kukhona nombuzo wabantu ababhekiwe. Izinhlelo zokugoma zivame ukubhekisa ezinganeni, ngakho-ke ama-ejensi kuzodingeka ahlele ukuthi angafinyelela kanjani kubantu abangeyona ingxenye yohlelo lokugoma.

Njengoba umhlaba ulindele ososayensi ukuthi benze ingxenye yabo, kunezinye izinselelo eziningi ezisalindile. Futhi imigomo akuyona ukuphela kwesikhali sokulwa ne-coronavirus.

"Imithi yokugoma ayisona ukuphela kwesixazululo," kusho uDkt Simao we-WHO. “Udinga ukuxilongwa. Udinga indlela yokwehlisa ukufa, ngakho-ke udinga ukwelashwa futhi udinga umuthi wokugoma.

"Ngaphandle kwalokho, udinga konke okunye: ukuqhela kwezenhlalo, ukugwema izindawo ezinabantu abaningi njalonjalo."