Okwabangela ukuphambana okukhulu eSontweni ngonyaka ka-1054

Ukuphikisana okukhulu kuka-1054 kwaba uphawu lokuphambana okuqala emlandweni wobuKristu, kwahlukanisa iSonto lama-Orthodox eMpumalanga neSonto lamaRoma Katolika eNtshonalanga. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, bonke ubuKristu babukhona ngaphansi komzimba owodwa, kepha amasonto eMpumalanga ayethuka umehluko ohlukile ngokwesiko nangokwenkolo kwabaseNtshonalanga. Ukungezwani kukhuphuke kancane kancane phakathi kwamagatsha womabili kwagcina kubilisiwe kwi-Great Schism ka-1054, ebizwa nangokuthi yi-East-West Schism.

Ukuphikisana okukhulu kwe-1054
Ukuphikiswa okukhulu kuka-1054 kwaphawula ukwahlukana kobuKristu futhi kwasungula ukwahlukana phakathi kwamasonto ama-Orthodox eMpumalanga kanye nesonto lamaRoma Katolika eNtshonalanga.

Usuku lokuqala: Sekungamakhulu eminyaka, ukungezwani kukhule phakathi kwamagatsha womabili aze agcina ukubilisa ngoJulayi 16, 1054.
Yaziwa nangokuthi: i-East-West Schism; ukuphikisana okukhulu.
Abadlali abamqoka: UMichele Cerulario, Patriarch waseConstantinople; UPapa Leo IX.
Izimbangela: ukwehlukahlukana kwezenkolo, ezenkolo, ezepolitiki, amasiko, ukwahluka kwezilimi nezilimi.
Umphumela: Ukwahlukaniswa okuhlala njalo phakathi kweSonto LamaRoma Katolika kanye ne-Eastern Orthodox, Greek Orthodox kanye ne Russian Orthodox Orthodox. Ubudlelwano bamuva phakathi kweMpumalanga neNtshonalanga buye bathuthuka, kepha amasonto asahlukene kuze kube namuhla.
Enhliziweni yokuqhekeka kwakuyisimangalo sikapapa waseRoma emandleni nasegunyeni lomhlaba jikelele. ISonto Lobu-Orthodox eMpumalanga lalivumile ukuhlonipha upapa kodwa lalikholelwa ukuthi izindaba zesonto kufanele zinqunywe umkhandlu wababhishobhi futhi ngenxa yalokho, ngeke livunyelwe upapa ukuthi angabuswa.

Ngemuva kokuphikisana okukhulu kuka-1054, amasonto aseMpumalanga athuthuka aba amasonto ase-Eastern, Greek and Russian Orthodox, ngenkathi kwakhiwa amasonto aseNtshonalanga esontweni lamaRoma Katolika. La magatsha amabili ahlala enobungane kuze kube yilapho amakhosi oMkhandlu Wenkolo Yesine athumba iConstantinople ngo-1204. Kuze kube manje, lo mbango awukalungiswa ngokuphelele.

Yini eholele ekuphikiseni okukhulu?
Ngekhulu lesithathu, uMbuso WaseRoma wawumkhulu kakhulu futhi kunzima ukubusa, ngakho-ke uMbusi uDiocletian wanquma ukuhlukanisa lo mbuso ezindaweni ezimbili: uMbuso WaseRoma WaseNtshonalanga noMbuso WaseRoma WaseMpumalanga, owaziwa futhi njengoMbuso waseByzantine. Enye yezinto zokuqala ezenze ukuthi lezi zizinda zombili zihambe kwaba ulimi. Ulimi oluphambili eNtshonalanga kwakuyisiLatini, kanti ulimi oluqhakanjiswa eMpumalanga lwalungesiGrikhi.

Izifo ezincane
Ngisho namasonto oMbuso ohlukene phakathi aqala ukunqamuka. Izinzalamizi ezinhlanu zaziphethe igunya ezifundeni ezihlukene: uPatriarch waseRoma, i-Alexandria, i-Antiyokiya, iConstantinople kanye neJerusalema. UPatriarch waseRoma (upapa) wayehlonishwe ngokuthi "okokuqala phakathi kwabantu abalinganayo", kepha wayengenagunya phezu kwezinye inzalamizi.

Ukungezwani okuncane okubizwa ngokuthi "ama-amancane amancane" kwenzeka emakhulwini eminyaka ngaphambi kwe-Great Schism. I-schism yokuqala encane (343-398) yayiku-Arianism, inkolelo eyayiphika uJesu ukuthi wayenezinto ezifanayo nezikaNkulunkulu noma ezilingana noNkulunkulu, ngakho-ke hhayi ezaphezulu. Le nkolelo yamukelwa ngabaningi eSontweni laseMpumalanga kepha yenqatshwa yiSonto LaseNtshona.

Okunye ukuphikisana okuncane, i-acacia schism (482-519), kwakumayelana nokuxoxisana ngesimo sikaJesu ongumuntu osemzimbeni, ikakhulukazi uma uJesu Kristu enesimo sobuNkulunkulu nobuntu noma izindikimba ezimbili ezihlukile (zaphezulu nezomuntu). Okunye ukuphikisana okuncane, okwaziwa ngokuthi yiPhotian schism, kwenzeka ngekhulu le-XNUMX. Izingqinamba zokwahlukana zigxile ekungashini kwabafundisi, ukuzila ukudla, ukugcotshwa ngamafutha kanye nokudonswa kukaMoya oNgcwele.

Yize kungokwesikhashana, lokhu kwehlukana phakathi kweMpumalanga neNtshonalanga kuholele ebudlelwaneni obumunyu njengoba amagatsha amabili obuKhrestu ekhula anda. Ngokwezenkolo, iMpumalanga neNtshonalanga zazithathe izindlela ezihlukile. Indlela yesiLatini imvamisa yayisuselwa kulokho okusebenzayo, kuyilapho ukuqonda kwesiGrikhi bekungaqondakali futhi kucatshangelwe. Umcabango wesiLatini wathonywa kakhulu yimithetho yamaRoma nemfundiso yezenkolo, kanti amaGrikhi ayeyiqonda imfundiso yenkolo ngefilosofi nangomongo wokukhulekelwa.

Umehluko ongokoqobo nowokomoya wawukhona phakathi kwamagatsha womabili. Ukwenza isibonelo, amasonto awavumelani nokuthi kwamukelekile ukusebenzisa isinkwa esingenamvubelo emicimbini yenhlanganyelo. Amasonto asentshonalanga asekela lo mkhuba, kanti amaGrikhi ayesebenzisa isinkwa esinemvubelo ku-Ekaristiya. Amasonto aseMpumalanga avumela abapristi bawo ukuba bashade, kanti amaLatin ayegcizelela ukungashadi.

Ekugcineni, ithonya lezinzalamizi zase-Antiyokiya, i-Jerusalem ne-Alexandria laqala ukuba buthaka, okwenza ukuba iRoma neConstantinople kube phambili njengezikhungo zamandla zombili zesonto.

Ukwehluka kwezilimi
Njengoba ulimi oluyinhloko lwabantu eMbusweni WaseMpumalanga kwakuyisiGrikhi, amasonto aseMpumalanga athuthukisa imicikilisho yamaGrikhi, esebenzisa ulimi lwesiGrikhi emicimbini yabo yenkolo nasekuhumusheni iTestamente Elidala olimini lwesiGreek Sepint. Amasonto amaRoma enza izinkonzo ngesiLatini kanti amaBhayibheli abo abhalwa kwiVulgate yesiLatini.

Iconoclastic impikiswano
Ngekhulu lesishiyagalombili nelesishiyagalolunye, kwavela impikiswano ngokusetshenziswa kwezithombe ekukhulekeleni. Umbusi waseByzantine uLeo III wathi ukukhulekelwa kwezithombe zenkolo kwakungamanga futhi kwakukhonza izithombe. Ababhishobhi abaningi baseMpumalanga babambisana nokubusa kombusi wabo, kepha iSonto laseNtshonalanga lahlala liqinile ekusekeleni ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zenkolo.

Izithonjana zeByzantine
Imininingwane kaMose yezithonjana zeByzantine zikaHagia Sophia. Izithombe zeMuhur / Getty
Ukuphikisana ngomshwana kaFilioque
Ukuphikisana ngesigatshana se-filioque kudale impikiswano eyodwa ebaluleke kakhulu yokuphikisana empumalanga nasentshonalanga. Le ngxabano ibigxile emfundisweni kaZiqu-zintathu nokuthi ngabe uMoya oNgcwele uvela wedwa yini uNkulunkulu uYise noma uYise neNdodana.

UFilioque yigama lesiLatini elisho ukuthi "nendodana". Ekuqaleni, i-Nicene Creed yayimane ithi uMoya oNgcwele "uvela kuYise", ibinzana elalihlose ukuvikela ubunkulunkulu boMoya oNgcwele. Isigatshana se-filioque sengezwe esivumelweni seBandla laseNtshonalanga ukuphakamisa ukuthi uMoya oNgcwele uphuma kubo bobabili uYise "neNdodana".

ISonto Lase-Eastern liphikelele ekutheni kugcinwe isisekelo sokuqala seNicene Creed, sishiya isigatshana se-filioque. Abaholi eMpumalanga baphikisana kakhulu ngokuthi abaseNtshonalanga abanalo ilungelo lokuguqula isisekelo sobuKhrestu ngaphandle kokuya eSontweni lase-Eastern. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bakholelwa ukuthi ukungezwa kuveza umehluko oyisisekelo wemfundiso yenkolo phakathi kwamagatsha womabili nokuqonda kwawo uZiqu-zintathu. ISonto LaseMpumalanga lacabanga ukuthi kungukuphela kweqiniso futhi elilungile, likholelwa ukuthi imfundiso yenkolo yaseNtshonalanga isekelwe ngokungeyikho emcabangweni ka-Augustinian, ababecabanga ukuthi yi-heterodox, okusho ukuthi okungelona iqiniso futhi kuthambekele kumhlubuki.

Abaholi nhlangothi zombili benqabile ukuqhubekela phambili ngodaba lwe-filioque. Ababhishobhi basempumalanga baqala ukumangalela upapa nababhishobhi entshonalanga nokholo. Ekugcineni, la masonto womabili akwenqabela ukusetshenziswa kwemicikilisho yalelo elinye isonto futhi abaxosha bonke esontweni lobuKristu leqiniso.

Yini evale uphawu lwe-schism yasempumalanga nentshonalanga?
Impikiswano enkulu kunazo zonke nokungqubuzana okulethe i-Great Schism ekhanda kwaba umbuzo wegunya lezenkolo, ikakhulukazi uma upapa eRoma wayenamandla phezu kwezinzalamizi eziseMpumalanga. Isonto lamaRoma lalisekele ubupopu baseRoma kusukela ngekhulu lesine futhi lalithi linegunya emhlabeni jikelele phezu kwalo lonke isonto. Abaholi baseMpumalanga bahlonipha upapa kodwa benqaba ukumnika amandla wokunquma inqubomgomo yamanye amandla noma ukuguqula izinqumo zemikhandlu yezenkolo.

Eminyakeni eyedlule i-Great Schism, isonto eliseMpumalanga laliholwa nguPatriarch waseConstantinople, uMichele Cerularius (cishe ngo-1000-1058), ngenkathi isonto laseRoma laliholwa uPapa Leo IX (1002-1054).

Ngaleso sikhathi, kwaqubuka izinkinga eningizimu ye-Italy, eyayiyingxenye yoMbuso WaseByzantine. Amabutho amaNorman ayehlasele, anqoba lesi sifunda futhi esikhundleni sawo ababhishobhi abangamaGrikhi bangena nalawo amaLatin. Lapho uCerularius ezwa ukuthi amaNorman ayenqabe imicikilisho yamaGrikhi emasontweni aseningizimu ye-Italy, waziphindisela ngokuvala amasonto esiko lesiLatin eConstantinople.

Izimpikiswano zabo ezase ziqala ukuvela ngenkathi uPapa Leo ethumela umeluleki wakhe omkhulu wekhadinali uHumbert eConstantinople ngemiyalo yokubhekana nale nkinga. UHumbert wagxeka ngolaka futhi wagxeka isenzo sikaCerularius. Lapho uCerularius engazinaki izicelo zikapapa, wagxothwa ngokusemthethweni njengoPatriarch waseConstantinople ngoJulayi 16, 1054. Ephendula, uCerularius washisa inkunzi yepapa yokuxoshwa futhi wamemezela umbhishobhi waseRoma ukuthi ungumkhohlisi. I-schism yasempumalanga nentshonalanga yabekwa uphawu.

Imizamo yokubuyisana
Naphezu kwe-Great Schism ka-1054, la magatsha womabili asakhulumisana ngamanye amagama ngendlela enobungane kuze kufike isikhathi se-Crusade Yesine. Kodwa-ke, ngo-1204, abashokobezi basentshonalanga baphanga amaConstantinople futhi bangcolisa isonto elikhulu laseByzantine laseSaint Sophia.

I-Byzantine Cathedral yase-Saint Sophia
Isonto elikhulu laseByzantium, uHagia Sophia (Aya Sofya), uthwebule endlini ngelensi yamehlo. Izithombe ezi-funky-data / Getty
Manje njengoba ukugqekeza sekungapheli, lawo magatsha amabili obuKristu aqhubeka ehlukana ngokwezifundiso, kwezepolitiki nasezindabeni zezokwakha. Imizamo yokubuyisana yenzeka eMkhandlwini wesiBili waseLyon ngonyaka we-1274, kepha isivumelwano saliwa ngokwengxenye ngababhishobhi baseMpumalanga.

Kuze kube muva nje, kuleli khulu lama-20 leminyaka, ubudlelwane phakathi kwamagatsha womabili lathuthuka ngokwanele ukuze lithuthuke ngempela ekuphulukiseni umehluko othile. Ingxoxo phakathi kwabaholi yaholela ekwamukelweni kweJoint Catholic-Orthodox Declaration yango-1965 yenziwa yi-Second Vatican Council eRoma nomkhosi okhethekile eConstantinople. Lesi simemezelo sivumile ukuthi amaSakramente asemthethweni emasontweni aseMpumalanga, asusa ukungcwatshwa kwawo futhi waveza isifiso sokubuyelwa okuqhubekayo phakathi kwalawa mabandla.

Eminye imizamo yokubuyisana ifakiwe:

Ngo-1979 kwasungulwa iJoint International Commission for Theological Dialogue phakathi kweSonto lamaKhatholika ne-Orthodox Church.
Ngo-1995, uPatriarch Bartholomew I waseConstantinople wavakashela okokuqala eVictoria City, ukujoyina usuku lwenkolo ethandazela ukuthula.
Ngo-1999, uPapa John Paul II wahambela iRomania esimenyweni sePatriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church. Lo mcimbi bekuwukuhambela kokuqala kukapapa ezweni lase-Eastern Orthodox kusukela iGreat Schism ka-1054.
Ngo-2004, uPapa John Paul II wabuyisela izingcezu eziseMpumalanga zisuka eVatican. Lesi senzo besibalulekile ngoba izinkolo bekukholelwa ukuthi zahluthwa eConstantinople ngesikhathi seMpi Yesine ngonyaka ka-1204.
Ngo-2005 uPatrick King Bartholomew I, kanye nabanye abaholi be-Eastern Orthodox Church, baya emngcwabeni kaPapa John Paul II.
Ngo-2005, uPapa Benedict XVI wakuphinda futhi ukuzibophezela kwakhe ekusebenzeleni ukubuyisana.
Ngo-2006, uPapa Benedict XVI wavakashela i-Istanbul esimemweni sikakhokho omkhulu wezenkolo u-Bartholomew I.
Ngo-2006, uMbhishobhi Omkhulu uChristodoulos weSonto lama-Greek Orthodox wavakashela uPapa Benedict XVI eVictoria ekuhambeleni ngokusemthethweni ngokusemthethweni komholi wesonto lamaGrikhi eVatican.
Ngo-2014, uPapa uFrancis kanye noPatriarch Bartholomew basayina isimemezelo esihlangene abathi bazinikele ekufuneni ubumbano emasontweni abo.
Ngala mazwi, uPapa John Paul II waveza amathemba akhe okubumbana ekugcineni: “Ngesikhathi seminyaka eyinkulungwane [yobuKristu] amasonto ethu ayeqinile ekuhlukaneni kwawo. Manje inkulungwane yesithathu yobukristu iphezu kwethu. Sengathi kungaqala kwalesi sikhathi seminyaka eyinkulungwane kungene isonto elibuye libe nobumbano ngokuphelele ”.

Enkonzweni yomkhuleko lapho kugujwa iminyaka engama-50 yesimemezelo esihlangene se-Katolika-Orthodox, uPapa uFrancis uthe: “Kufanele sikholwe ukuthi njengoba itshe elingaphambi kwethuna libekwe eceleni, kanjalo-ke futhi nanoma yisiphi isithiyo ekuhlanganyeleni kwethu ngokugcwele futhi isuswe. Noma nini lapho sibeka ubandlululo lwethu obelunesikhathi eside silandela emuva futhi sithola isibindi sokwakha ubudlelwane obusha nobudlelwane nabanye, siyavuma ukuthi uKristu uvukile ngempela. "

Kusukela lapho, ubudlelwane buyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka, kepha izinkinga ezinkulu zihlala zingaxazululwa. IMpumalanga neNtshonalanga ngeze zahlangana ngokuphelele kuyo yonke imingcele yezenkolo, yezombusazwe neyezokwakha.