Kusho ukuthini ukuthi amaBuddha “ngokukhanyiselwa”?
Abantu abaningi baye bezwa ukuthi uBuddha wayekhanyiselwe nokuthi amaBuddha afuna ukukhanyiselwa. Kodwa kusho ukuthini lokhu? "Ukukhanyiselwa" yigama lesiNgisi elingasho izinto eziningana. Emazweni aseNtshonalanga, iNkathi Yokukhanyiselwa kwakuyinhlangano yefilosofi yekhulu le-17 nele-18 eyayikhuthaza isayensi nokucabanga ngezinganekwane nezinkolelo-ze, ngakho esikweni laseNtshonalanga, ukukhanya ngokuvamile kuhlotshaniswa nokuhlakanipha nolwazi. Kodwa ukukhanyiselwa kwamaBuddha kungokunye.
Ukukhanyisa kanye ne-Satori
Ukwengeza kulokhu kudideka, “ukukhanyiselwa” kuye kwasetshenziswa njengenguqulo yamagama amaningana esi-Asia angasho into efanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule amaBuddha aseBrithani angeniswa eBuddhism ngokubhala kukaDT Suzuki (1870-1966), isazi saseJapane esake saphila njengendela yaseZen Rinzai. U-Suzuki wasebenzisa "ukukhanyiselwa" ukuhumusha igama lesiJapane elithi satori, elisuselwa esenzweni esithi satoru, "ukwazi".
Lokhu kuhunyushwa bekungenasizathu. Kodwa ekusetshenzisweni, i-satori ngokuvamile ibhekisela kokuhlangenwe nakho kokuqonda isimo sangempela seqiniso. Kuye kwafaniswa nesipiliyoni sokuvula umnyango, kodwa ukuvula umnyango kusasho ukwehlukana nalokho okungaphakathi komnyango. Ngenxa yethonya likaSuzuki, umqondo wokukhanyiselwa ngokomoya njengento ezumayo, ejabulisayo neguqulayo wahlanganiswa nesiko laseNtshonalanga. Nokho, lokhu kuyadukisa.
Nakuba uSuzuki nabanye othisha bokuqala beZen eNtshonalanga bachaza ukukhanyiselwa njengento ongaba nayo ngezikhathi ezithile, othisha abaningi beZen kanye nemibhalo yeZen bakutshela ukuthi ukukhanyiselwa akukona okuhlangenwe nakho kodwa kukodwa. . Ngisho ne-satori ayiwukukhanyiselwa ngokwayo. Kulokhu, iZen ihambisana nendlela ukukhanya okubhekwa ngayo kwamanye amagatsha eBuddhism.
Ukukhanyiselwa kanye ne-Bodhi (Theravada)
I-Bodhi, igama lesiSanskrit nelesiPali elisho "ukuvuka", livame ukuhunyushwa ngokuthi "ukukhanyiselwa".
Ku-Theravada Buddhism, i-bodhi ihlotshaniswa nokuphelela kokuzwakaliswa kwamaQiniso Amane Ahloniphekile, aqeda i-dukkha (ukuhlupheka, ukucindezeleka, ukunganeliseki). Umuntu ophelelise lokhu kuqonda futhi washiya konke ukungcola uyi-arhat, lowo okhululiwe emjikelezweni we-samsara noma ukuzalwa kabusha okungapheli. Lapho esaphila, ungena ohlotsheni lwe-nirvana enemibandela futhi, lapho efa, ujabulela ukuthula kwe-nirvana ephelele futhi ubalekela umjikelezo wokuzalwa kabusha.
Ku-Atthinukhopariyaayo Sutta ye-Pali Tipitaka (Samyutta Nikaya 35,152), uBuddha wathi:
Ngakho-ke, izindela, lesi yisimiso lapho indela, ngaphandle kokholo, ngaphandle kokukholisa, ngaphandle kokuthambekela, ngaphandle kokuqagela okunengqondo, ngaphandle kwenjabulo yemibono kanye nemibono, ingaqinisekisa ukufezeka kokukhanyiselwa: 'Ukuzalwa. iyachithwa, impilo engcwele isifeziwe, obekufanele kwenziwe sekwenziwe, akusekho ukuphila kulomhlaba. "
Ukukhanyiselwa kanye ne-Bodhi (Mahayana)
EbuBuddha baseMahayana, i-bodhi ihlotshaniswa nokuphelela kokuhlakanipha, noma i-sunyata. Lena imfundiso yokuthi zonke izigigaba azinazo isiqu sakho.
Abaningi bethu babona izinto nezinto ezisizungezile njengezihlukile futhi zihlala njalo. Kodwa lo mbono uwukuqagela. Kunalokho, umhlaba omangalisayo uyinhlanganisela ehlala ishintsha yezimbangela nezimo noma imvelaphi encikile. Izinto kanye nezidalwa, ezingenakho ukuzithiba, akuzona ezangempela noma ezingezona ezangempela: imfundiso yamaQiniso Amabili. Umbono ojulile we-sunyata uhlakaza amaketango okuzibophezela okubangela ukungajabuli kwethu. Indlela embaxambili yokuhlukanisa phakathi kwakho nabanye iveza umbono ongahlali unomphela lapho zonke izinto zihlobene khona.
E-Mahayana Buddhism, umqondo wokwenza i-bodhisattva, isidalwa esikhanyisiwe esihlala emhlabeni omangalisayo ukuletha konke ekukhanyeni. I-bodhisattva ekahle ingaphezu kokuzinikela; libonisa iqiniso lokuthi akekho kithi ohlukene. "Ukukhanyiselwa komuntu ngamunye" i-oxymoron.
Ukukhanya eVajrayana
Igatsha le-Mahayana Buddhism, i-Tantric Schools of Vajrayana Buddhism, likholelwa ukuthi ukukhanyiselwa kungafika kanye kanye ngomzuzwana wenguquko. Lokhu kuhambisana nenkolelo ye-Vajrayana yokuthi izifiso nezithiyo ezihlukahlukene zokuphila, kunokuba zibe yizithiyo, zingaba uphethiloli wokuguqulwa ekukhanyeni okungenzeka ngomzuzwana owodwa, noma okungenani kule nkathi yokuphila. Isihluthulelo salo mkhuba inkolelo yemvelo kaBuddha, ukuphelela kwemvelo yethu yangaphakathi okuvele kulinde ukuthi sikubone. Le nkolelo yokukwazi ukuzuza ngokushesha ukukhanyiselwa ayifani nesenzakalo se-Sartori. KumaBuddha aseVajrayana, ukukhanyiselwa akukona ukubuka ngomnyango kodwa kuyisimo esihlala njalo.
Ukukhanyiselwa kanye neBuddha-imvelo
Ngokwenganekwane, lapho uBuddha ezuza ukukhanyiselwa, washo okuthile okunomphumela wokuthi “Akuyona into engavamile! Zonke izidalwa sezikhanyiselwe! " Lesi simo yilokho okwaziwa ngeBuddha Nature, okwenza ingxenye ebalulekile yemikhuba yobuBuddha kwezinye izikole. Ku-Mahayana Buddhism, imvelo kaBuddha inguBuddha wemvelo wabo bonke abantu. Njengoba zonke izidalwa sezingoBuddha, umsebenzi awukona ukuzuza ukukhanyiselwa kodwa ukuwubona.
Inkosi yaseShayina uHuineng (638-713), uMbhishobhi wesithupha waseCh'an (Zen), waqhathanisa ubuBuddha nenyanga esithwe amafu. Amafu amele ukungazi nokungcola. Lapho lezi zehliswa, inyanga, ekhona kakade, iyavezwa.
Okuhlangenwe nakho kokuqonda
Kuthiwani ngalokho okwenzeka kungazelelwe, okujabulisayo nokushintshayo? Kungenzeka ukuthi uke waba nalezi zikhathi futhi wezwa sengathi usentweni ethile ejulile ngokomoya. Okuhlangenwe nakho okunjalo, nakuba kumnandi futhi ngezinye izikhathi kuhambisana nokuthukuthela kwangempela, akukona nje ukukhanyiselwa. Kubasebenzi abaningi, okuhlangenwe nakho okungokomoya okujabulisayo okungasekelwe ekuqhubeni uMgudu Ophindwe Kasishiyagalombili ukuze bathole ukukhanyiselwa akunakwenzeka ukuthi kuguqule. Ukuzingelwa kwemibuso ejabulisayo ngokwako kungaba uhlobo lwesifiso nokunamathela, futhi indlela eya ekukhanyiselweni iwukuzinikela ngokubambelela nangokufuna.
Uthisha weZen u-Barry Magid wathi ngo-Master Hakuin, kokuthi "Akukho okufihliwe":
“Umkhuba we-post-satori ka-Hakuin wawusho ukuthi ekugcineni wayeka ukukhathazeka ngesimo sakhe somuntu siqu kanye nempumelelo yakhe nokuzinikela kanye nokwenza kwakhe ekusizeni nasekufundiseni abanye. Ekugcineni, wagcina ebonile ukuthi ukukhanyiselwa kwangempela kuyindaba yomkhuba ongapheli nokusebenza ngozwela, hhayi into eyenzeka kanye kanye emcamelweni. "
Umfundisi kanye nendela uShunryu Suzuki (1904-1971) wathi mayelana nokukhanyiselwa:
“Kuyindida ukuthi kubantu abangakutholi ukukhanyiseleka, ukukhanyiseleka kuyinto emangalisayo. Kodwa uma befinyelela kuyo, akulutho. Kodwa akulutho. Uyaqonda? Kumama onezingane, ukuba nezingane akuyona into ekhethekile. Lokhu kuyi-zazen. Ngakho-ke, uma uqhubeka nalo mkhuba, uzozuza okuthile okwengeziwe - akukho okukhethekile, kodwa okuthile noma kunjalo. Ungasho ukuthi "imvelo yendawo yonke" noma "imvelo kaBuddha" noma "ukukhanyiselwa". Ungayibiza ngamagama amaningi, kodwa kumuntu ongumnikazi wayo, ayilutho futhi iyinto “.
Kokubili ubufakazi benganekwane nobufakazi obubhaliwe bubonisa ukuthi odokotela abanekhono kanye nabantu abakhanyiselwe bangase babe namandla engqondo angavamile, ngisho nangaphezu kwawemvelo. Nokho, la makhono akuwona ubufakazi bokukhanyiselwa, futhi awabalulekile nganoma iyiphi indlela kuwo. Nalapha, siyaxwayiswa ukuba singajahi la makhono engqondo engozini yokuphambanisa umunwe okhomba inyanga inyanga ngokwayo.
Uma uzibuza ukuthi ukhanyiselwe yini, cishe ngeke. Okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuhlola intuition yakho ukuyethula kuthisha we-dharma. Ungadikibali uma impumelelo yakho iwela ngaphansi kokugadwa uthisha. Isiqalo samanga namaphutha ayingxenye edingekayo yendlela, futhi uma futhi ufinyelela ekukhanyeni, kuyokwakhiwa phezu kwesisekelo esiqinile futhi ngeke ube namaphutha.