Ukuzinikela kuZiqu-zintathu: izipho eziyisikhombisa zikaMoya oNgcwele

Kunzima ukuqamba enye imfundiso yamaKhatholika njengeyakudala endala njengezipho eziyisikhombisa zikaMoya oNgcwele ezingaphansi kokunganakwa okunomusa. NjengamaKhatholika amaningi azalwa ngeminyaka yo-1950, ngafunda amagama abo ngekhanda: “I-WIS -Dom, engaqondakali, i-coun -el, i-forte -itude, i-know -ledge, -i-pie kanye nokwesaba! Del Signore ”Ngeshwa, nokho, bonke yibo engangifunda nabo ekilasini futhi safunda, okungenani ngokusemthethweni, ngalawa mandla angaqondakali okwakufanele ehlele phezu kwethu lapho siqinisekiswa. Lapho uSuku Lokuqinisekisa selufikile futhi ludlula, sacasulwa ukuthi asibanga sazi konke, sazi konke, uChristi (amasosha kaKristu) ongahlulwa lutho othenjiswe ikhathekisisi lethu langaphambi kweVatican II.

Inkinga
Okuxakayo ukuthi ikhathekisisi langemva kweVatican II likufakazele ngisho nangaphansi ukuthi linamandla okugxilisa kumaKhatholika asemancane umuzwa ovuthayo wokuthi ziyiziphi izipho eziyisikhombisa. Okungenani indlela edlule ibinethuba lokuvusa ithemba elibi lokufa kwegazi lomfel 'ukholo ezandleni zabangakholelwa kuNkulunkulu. Kepha maye, imfundiso yokulwa enjalo yaphuma ngewindi ngemuva koMkhandlu. Kepha ukusakazwa kwemibiko emashumini eminyaka amuva nje mayelana nokwehla kwenzalo yokholo phakathi kwama-confirmands amasha kusikisela ukuthi ushintsho alunamphumela oyifunayo. Hhayi ukuthi zazingekho izimbungulu emshinini we-pre-Vatican II we-catechetical - zaziziningi zazo - kepha izinto ezingaphezulu nje azikaze ziqale ukubhekana nazo.

Udaba lwakamuva kuTheological Studies lukaReverend Charles E. Bouchard, OP, umongameli we-Aquinas Institute of Theology eSt. Louis, eMissouri ("Ukubuyisa Izipho Zomoya Ongcwele ku-Moral Theology," Septhemba 2002), lukhomba ezinye ubuthakathaka obuthile kwikhathekisisi yendabuko yamaKatolika ngezipho eziyisikhombisa

Ukuziba ukuxhumana okusondele phakathi kwalezi zipho eziyisikhombisa kanye nezimpawu ezinhle zekhadinali nezenkolo (ukholo, ithemba, isisa senhliziyo / uthando, ukuqonda, ubulungiswa, ukuqina / isibindi nokuzithiba), okwakugcizelelwe nguSt. Thomas Aquinas uqobo ekwelapheni kwakhe lolu daba
Ukuthambekela kokubeka izipho eziyisikhombisa endaweni yesoteric yokomoya wokuzincisha / wokungaqondakali kunesimo esisebenzayo, sasemhlabeni semfundiso yenkolo, u-Aquinas ayebonise ukuthi kwakuyindawo yabo efanelekile
Uhlobo lokufunda okungokomoya lapho ukutadisha okujulile kwemfundiso yezipho lwalugcinelwe abapristi nabezenkolo, okuthi, ngokungafani neningi labantu abangafundile, babe nemfundo edingekayo neyokomoya ukuze balazise futhi balithokozise
Unganaki izisekelo ezingokomBhalo zemfundiso yenkolo yezipho, ikakhulukazi u-Isaya 11, lapho izipho ekuqaleni zazibonakaliswa futhi zisetshenziswa ngokwesiprofetho kuKristu
ICatechism of the Catholic Church ka-1992 yayisivele ikhulume ngezinye zalezi zinkinga (njengokubaluleka kwezimfanelo ezinhle kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwezipho kanye "nempilo yokuziphatha") kepha yagwema ukuchaza izipho ngazinye noma ukuziphatha ngayo yonke imininingwane - a izigaba eziyisithupha kuphela (1285-1287, 1830-1831 no-1845), uma kuqhathaniswa nezingamashumi amane ngobuhle (1803-1829, 1832-1844). Mhlawumbe yingakho izincwadi zokufundela ikhathekizimu zivele ngemuva kweCatechism entsha ukwethula izincazelo zezipho ezinje. Lezi zincazelo zivame ukungaguquguquki okungaqondakali kwezincazelo zendabuko ze-Thomistic noma izincazelo ezenzelwe ngokuphelele ezisuselwa kokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu noma emcabangweni wakhe. Ngokwalokhu kuthuthuka, kuyasiza ukubuyekeza incazelo yeSonto yendabuko yezipho eziyisikhombisa.

Incazelo yendabuko
Ngokwesiko lama Katolika, izipho eziyisikhombisa zikaMoya oNgcwele ziyizimfanelo zamaqhawe uJesu Kristu kuphela anazo ngokugcwala, kodwa ahlanganyela ngokukhululeka namalungu omzimba wakhe ongaqondakali (okuyiSonto lakhe). Lezi zici zifakwa kuwo wonke umKristu njengezithembiso ezingapheli zokubhabhadiswa kwakhe, zondliwa ngumkhuba wezimfanelo eziyisikhombisa futhi zibekwe uphawu kwisakramente lokufakazelwa. Zaziwa nangokuthi izipho zoMoya ezingcwelisayo, ngoba zisebenzela inhloso yokwenza abemukeli babe yimiqoqo ekuqhubekeni kukaMoya oNgcwele ezimpilweni zabo, ukubasiza bakhule ebungcweleni futhi babenze balungele izulu.

Isimo sezipho eziyisikhombisa kuxoxiswane ngaso nezazi zemfundiso yenkolo kusukela maphakathi nekhulu lesibili leminyaka, kodwa ukutolika okujwayelekile kube yilokho uSt. Thomas Aquinas achaze khona ngekhulu leshumi nantathu kwi-Summa Theologiae yakhe:

Ukuhlakanipha kokubili ulwazi nokwahlulela "izinto zaphezulu" kanye nokukwazi ukwahlulela nokuqondisa izinto zabantu ngokweqiniso elingcwele (I / I.1.6; I / II.69.3; II / II.8.6; II (II.45.1 -5).
Ukuqonda kungukungena kwe-intuition ngaphakathi enhliziyweni yezinto, ikakhulukazi lawo maqiniso aphezulu adingekayo ekusindisweni kwethu kwaphakade - empeleni, amandla "okubona" ​​uNkulunkulu (I / I.12.5; I / II.69.2; II / II. 8,1-3).
Ukwelulekwa kuvumela indoda ukuba iqondiswe uNkulunkulu ezindabeni ezidingekayo ukuze asindiswe (II / II.52.1).
Ukuqina kusho ukuqina kwengqondo ekwenzeni okuhle nokugwema okubi, ikakhulukazi lapho kunzima noma kuyingozi ukwenza njalo, nangokuzethemba ukunqoba zonke izithiyo, ngisho nezabantu abafayo, ngenxa yokuqiniseka ngokuphila okuphakade (I / II. 61.3; II / II.123.2; II / II.139.1).
Ulwazi luyikhono lokwahlulela ngokufanele ezindabeni zokholo nezenzo ezifanele, ukuze ungalokothi uphambuke endleleni efanele yobulungisa (II / II.9.3).
Inkinga, ngokuyinhloko, ingeyokuhlonipha uNkulunkulu ngenhliziyo ethandekayo, ukukhokhela ukukhonzwa nomsebenzi kuNkulunkulu, inikeze bonke abantu amalungelo abo ngenxa yobudlelwano babo noNkulunkulu, futhi ukuhlonipha imiBhalo Engcwele futhi engaphikisani. Igama lesi Latin elithi pietas libonisa inhlonipho esiyinikeza ubaba nezwe lethu; njengoba uNkulunkulu enguYise wabo bonke, ukukhulekelwa kukaNkulunkulu kubizwa nangokuthi ukwesaba (I / II.68.4; II / II.121.1).
Ukwesaba uNkulunkulu, kulo mongo, "ukwesaba okwenziwe yingane" noma okumsulwa esikukhonza uNkulunkulu nokugwema ukuzihlukanisa naye - ngokungahambisani nokwesaba "okuyizigqila", esesabela ukujeziswa (I / II.67.4; II) / II.19.9).
Lezi zipho, ngokusho kukaThomas Aquinas, "ziyimikhuba", "imvelo" noma "izimo" ezinikezwa nguNkulunkulu njengezinto ezingaphezu kwamandla emvelo ezisiza umuntu ekwenzeni "ukuphelela" kwakhe. Zenza umuntu akwazi ukweqa umkhawulo wokucabanga komuntu nobuntu bakhe futhi abambe iqhaza kuyo kanye impilo kaNkulunkulu, njengoba uKristu wathembisa (Johane 14:23). U-Aquinas waphikelela ngokuthi ayadingeka ekusindisweni komuntu, angenakukufeza yedwa. Basebenzela "ukuphelelisa" izimfanelo ezine eziyinhloko zekhadinali noma zokuziphatha (ubuhlakani, ubulungiswa, ukuqina nokuzithiba) kanye nezimfanelo ezintathu zenkolo (ukholo, ithemba kanye nesisa senhliziyo). Amandla esisa senhliziyo ayisihluthulelo esivula amandla ezingaba khona izipho eziyisikhombisa, ezingakwazi (futhi zizohlala) zilele emphefumulweni ngemuva kokubhabhadiswa, ngaphandle kokuthi lokhu kwenziwe.

Njengoba "umusa wakha emvelweni" (ST I / I.2.3), izipho eziyisikhombisa zisebenza ngokuvumelana nezimfanelo eziyisikhombisa futhi nezithelo eziyishumi nambili zikaMoya kanye nezibusiso eziyisishiyagalombili. Ukuvela kwezipho kukhuthazwa ukwenza okuhle, nakho okupheleliswa ukusetshenziswa kwezipho. Ukusetshenziswa okufanele kwezipho, nakho kuveza izithelo zikaMoya empilweni yomKrestu: uthando, injabulo, ukuthula, ukubekezela, umusa, umusa, ukuphana, ukwethembeka, ubumnene, isizotha, ukuzithiba, nobumsulwa (Galathiya 5: 22-23) ). Inhloso yalokhu kubambisana phakathi kwezimfanelo ezinhle, izipho nezithelo ukufinyelela esimweni senjabulo izikhathi eziyisishiyagalombili ezichazwe nguKristu eNtshumayelweni Yasentabeni (Mt 5: 3-10).

I-Arsenal Engokomoya
Esikhundleni sokuqhubekisela phambili indlela eqinile yoThomistic noma indlela esekwe encazelweni yesimanjemanje nangokwesiko, ngiphakamisa indlela yesithathu yokuqonda izipho eziyisikhombisa, leyo ehlanganisa okuvela embhalweni wasebhayibhelini.

Indawo yokuqala nokuwukuphela kwayo kulo lonke iBhayibheli lapho lezi zimfanelo eziyisikhombisa zihlelwe ndawonye ngu-Isaya 11: 1-3, esiprofethweni esidumile sikaMesiya:

Kuvela amahlumela esiqwini sikaJese, kuhlume amagatsha ezimpandeni zawo. Futhi uMoya weNkosi uzohlala phezu kwakhe, umoya wokuhlakanipha nokuqonda, umoya weseluleko namandla, umoya wolwazi nokwesaba iNkosi. Futhi injabulo yakhe iyokwesaba uJehova.

Cishe bonke abahlaziyi bezipho eziyisikhombisa kule minyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbili ezedlule bakhombe le ndima njengomthombo wemfundiso, kepha akekho noyedwa oqaphelile ukuthi lemiqondo eyisikhombisa yayihlangene kanjani nesiko lasendulo lakwa-Israyeli elithi "ukuhlakanipha", eliboniswa ezincwadini zakudala ezinjalo. ITestamente elinjengoJobe, iZaga, uMshumayeli, isiHlabelelo seziHlabelelo, amaHubo, i-Ecclesiastical and Wisdom of Solomon, kanye nezingxenye ezithile zezincwadi zeziphrofetho, kufaka phakathi u-Isaya. Lokhu okubalulekile kugxile ekutheni ungazulazula kanjani ezimisweni zokuziphatha zempilo yansuku zonke (ezomnotho, uthando nomshado, ukukhulisa izingane, ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu, ukusetshenziswa nokuxhashazwa kwamandla) kunokusebenzisa izingqikithi zomlando, zesiprofetho noma zezinganekwane / zezomqondo ezivame ukuhlotshaniswa neTestamente Elidala. Akuphikisani nalaba abanye.

Kuvela kulo mhlaba wezinto ezingokoqobo, ezi-pragmatic, nezikhathaza nsuku zonke, esikhundleni sombono wokuzincisha noma wokungaqondakali, lapho izipho eziyisikhombisa zivele khona, futhi umongo ka-Isaya 11 uqinisa lolu hlaka. Ibhalansi ka-Isaya ichaza ngokuningiliziwe ubudlova lapho "ihlumela likaJese" lizomisa khona "umbuso wakhe onokuthula" emhlabeni:

Ngeke ahlulele ngokuya ngamehlo akhe, noma anqume ngokuya ngalokho izindlebe zakhe ezizwayo; kepha uyokwahlulela abampofu ngobulungiswa, anqumele abathobekileyo bomhlaba ngokulungileyo; uzoshaya umhlaba ngenduku yomlomo wakhe, futhi ngomoya wezindebe zakhe uzobulala ababi. . . . Ngeke zilimaze noma zibhubhise kuyo yonke intaba yami engcwele; ngoba umhlaba uyogcwala ulwazi lweNkosi njengamanzi asibekela ulwandle. (Is 11: 3-4, 9)

Ukusungula lo mbuso kusho ukucabanga, ukuhlela, ukusebenza, ukulwa, isibindi, ukubekezela, ukuphikelela, ukuthobeka, okungukuthi, ukungcolisa izandla zakho. Lo mbono wasemhlabeni uthela izithelo lapho iqhaza elibanjwa yizipho eziyisikhombisa empilweni yamaKristu avuthiwe (noma yobudala obuvuthiwe).

Kukhona ukungezwani phakathi kobuKhatholika, njengasebuKristwini jikelele, obugxila empilweni yangasemva ngokukhishwa - kanye nokulimala - kwalomhlaba, kube sengathi ukuhlukaniswa nezinto zesikhashana bekuyisiqinisekiso sokuphila okuphakade kuphela. . Esinye sezenzo zokulungisa zalolu hlobo lokucabanga oluvela eMkhandlwini Wesibili weVatican kwaba ukuvuselelwa kokugcizelelwa kweBhayibheli embusweni kaNkulunkulu njengeqiniso elibambekayo elingagcini nje ngokudlulela ukuhleleka okwenziwayo kepha futhi eliguqula lona (Dei Verbum 17; Lumen Gentium 5; IGaudium et spes 39).

Izipho eziyisikhombisa ziyizinsiza ezisemqoka emzabalazweni wokusungula umbuso futhi, ngomqondo othile, zingumkhiqizo wokuzibandakanya ngenkuthalo empini yokomoya. Uma umuntu engenandaba nokuzihlomela ngokufanelekile empini, akumele amangaze azithole engenakho ukuzivikela lapho impi ilethwa emnyango wakhe. Uma mina nengifunda nabo singakaze "sizuze" "amandla angaqondakali" ebesikulindele, mhlawumbe kungenxa yokuthi asikaze sithathe izikhali silwela ukuqhubekisela phambili umbuso kaNkulunkulu!

Izipho eziyisikhombisa ziyisipho wonke umKristu obhapathiziwe angaziqhayisa ngaso kusuka ebuntwaneni. Bayifa lethu. Lezi zipho, ezinikezwa emasakramente ukusisiza ukuthi sikhule ngokuhlangenwe nakho, zibalulekile ekuqhubekeni kahle kwendlela yokuphila kobuKristu. Aziveli ngokuzenzekelayo futhi ngaphandle kwendawo kodwa kancane kancane zivela njengezithelo zempilo enhle. Futhi abahoxiswa nguMoya lapho bengasadingeki, njengoba bedingeka njalo inqobo nje uma silwa ukulwa okuhle.

Izipho eziyisikhombisa zenzelwe ukuthi zisetshenziswe emhlabeni ngenhloso yokuguqula lelo zwe libe ngoKristu. U-Isaya 11 uchaza ngokusobala ukuthi ziyini lezi zipho - ukwenza lokho umuntu abizelwe ukukwenza ngesikhathi nasendaweni yakhe ukuqhubekisela phambili umbuso kaNkulunkulu.Imininingwane ethize kanye neyomuntu siqu yalolo bizo ayethulwa kuze kube indawo yakhe elinganiselwe futhi engalingani ohlelweni lwezinto (ukwesaba iNkosi), wemukela indima yokuba yilungu lomndeni kaNkulunkulu (isihe) futhi wathola umkhuba wokulandela izinkomba ezithile zikaBaba zokuphila impilo yaphezulu (ulwazi) . Lokhu kujwayelana noNkulunkulu kudala amandla nesibindi esidingekayo sokubhekana nobubi obuhlangana nempilo yomuntu (ubuganga) nobuqili bokushintsha kalula amasu akhe ukuze afane - noma ulindele - amaqhinga amaningi weSitha (umeluleki).

Amasosha KaKristu
Lokhu kucatshangelwa kubhekiswe ikakhulu kumaKatolika asebekhulile, njengami, ababengafundiswanga ngokwanele (okungenani maqondana nezipho eziyisikhombisa). Ngenxa yempikiswano eqhubekayo eSontweni ngokubanzi mayelana neminyaka efanele yokuthola isakramente lokuqinisekisa, ukugula kwekhathekisi elinganele mhlawumbe kuzoqhubeka ukuhlupha abathembekile. Ukunganakwa kobudlelwano bokusebenzisana phakathi kobuhle nezipho kubonakala kuyimbangela enkulu yokwehluleka ukuthuthukisa izipho phakathi kweziqiniseko. ICatechesis ihlose kuphela ukuzuza ulwazi noma ukumane ikhuthaze "izenzo zomusa ezingahleliwe" ngaphandle komgomo oqinile wokuhlela abavangeli ngeke isinqamule lesi sizukulwana (noma esinye) sentsha. Umkhuleko wokumisa, idayari, ukuzindla okuqondisiwe, noma ezinye iziza ezithandwayo zokufundisa mbumbulu ezinhlelweni eziningi zamanje zekhatheksthi azikwazi ukuncintisana nokuyenga kwesiko lokufa.

Indlela eya ekwabelweni okuvuthiwe kwezikhali zikamoya ezimelwe yizipho eziyisikhombisa kufanele inyathelwe ngokushesha okukhulu, futhi izimfanelo eziyisikhombisa zingasebenza namuhla, njengoba zenzile emlandweni omningi weSonto, njengeziqondiso ezinhle kakhulu kuleyo ndlela. Mhlawumbe sekuyisikhathi sokuvusa isithombe sendabuko sababhapathiziwe "njengamasosha kaKristu," ibinzana ebelikade lihlanjalazwa ngezinto zobuKatolika ezingamashumi eminyaka. Ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi iposi iVatican II Zeitgeist laphikisana nombono wokuthi "ukulwa" kuzo zonke izinto zezenkolo, lesi sikhundla sikhonjisiwe ukuthi sidukisiwe - ngokuhlola okuthembekile okushiwo yiMibhalo Engcwele ngakho nangokuthi izehlakalo zomhlaba enkambweni yempilo yethu. Isibonelo, ukugumbuqelwa kweSoviet Union bekungeke kwenzeke ngaphandle kokulwa kukaJohn Paul II nobudlova ekuphokopheleni inhloso esemthethweni. Izipho eziyisikhombisa zikaMoya oNgcwele ziyizikhali zethu zikamoya zempi engokomoya yempilo yansuku zonke.