UbuJuda: isho ukuthini iShomer?
Uma uke wezwa noma ngubani ethi nginguShabatat shomer, kungenzeka ukuthi uyazibuza ukuthi kusho ukuthini lokho. Igama elithi shomer (שומר, shomrim eliningi, lisuselwa) lisuselwa kwelesiHeberu elithi shamar (שמר) futhi ngokwezwi nezwi lisho ukuqapha, ukubheka noma ukulonda. Kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukuchaza okwenziwe umuntu kanye nokuqashelwa emthethweni wamaJuda, yize kusetshenziswa njengegama olimini lwesiHeberu sanamuhla ukuchaza umsebenzi wokuqapha (ngokwesibonelo, kungukuqapha imnyuziyamu).
Nazi ezinye izibonelo ezivame kakhulu zokusebenzisa i-shomer:
Uma umuntu egcina i-kosher, ubizwa ngokuthi yi-shomer kashrut, okusho ukuthi ulandela uluhlu olubanzi lwemithetho yokudla yamaJuda.
Othile obizwa ngokuthi yi-shomer Shabbat noma u-shomer Shabbos ugcina yonke imithetho nemiyalo yeSabatha lamaJuda.
Igama elithi shomer negiah libhekisela kumuntu olalela imithetho ethinta ukugwema ukuxhumana nabantu bobulili obuhlukile.
Shomer emthethweni wamaJuda
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-shomer emthethweni wamaJuda (halacha) ngumuntu onomsebenzi wokuvikela impahla noma impahla yomunye umuntu. Imithetho ye-shomer ivela ku-Eksodusi 22: 6-14:
(6) Uma umuntu enika imali noma izinto kumakhelwane wakhe ukuba agcinwe, futhi zebiwe endlini yaleyo ndoda, uma isela litholakele, lizokhokha kabili. (7) Uma isela lingatholakali, umniniyo wendlu kufanele asondele kumajaji, [afunge] ukuthi akafakanga isandla sakhe empahleni yomakhelwane. (8) Ngawo wonke amagama ayisono, ngenkunzi, imbongolo, iwundlu, ingubo, noma yimuphi umbandela odukile, azothi ngawo unjalo, isizathu sezinhlangothi zombili zamajaji, [nanoma ubani] amajaji alivuma icala, kuzodingeka akhokhe kabili kumakhelwane wakhe. (9) Uma umuntu enika umakhelwane wakhe imbongolo, inkunzi, iwundlu noma isilwane ukuba sigcine ngokuphepha, futhi efa, aphule isitho noma athathwe kungabikho osibonayo, (10) isifungo seNkosi sizoba phakathi amabili uma kuphela engabeki isandla sakhe impahla elandelayo, futhi umnikazi wayo kuyodingeka ayamukele, futhi ngeke akhokhe. (11) Kepha uma yebiwe kuye, kufanele akhokhele umniniyo. (12) Uma edwengulwa, kufanele akufakazele lokho; [kubhidlikile] ongeke akhokhe. (13) Futhi uma umuntu eboleka [isilwane] kumakhelwane wakhe futhi aphule ilunga noma afe, uma umniniyo engekho kuye, kufanele akhokhe. (14) Uma umnikazi wakhe enaye, ngeke akhokhe; uma engumqashi [isilwane], weza emqashweni.
Izigaba ezine zeShomer
Ukusuka kulokhu, amadoda ahlakaniphile eza ezigabeni ezine ze-shomer futhi, kunoma yikuphi, umuntu ngamunye kufanele azimisele, angaphoqeki, ukuba abe yi-shomer.
i-shomer hinam: umqaphi ongakhokhelwa (odabuka ku-Eksodusi 22: 6-8)
shomer sachar: umqaphi okhokhelwayo (odabuka ku-Eksodusi 22: 9-12)
ISocher: umqashi (osuka ku-Eksodusi 22:14)
shoel: obolekayo (osuka ku-Eksodusi 22: 13-14)
Ngayinye yale mikhakha inamazinga ayo ehlukene ezibopho zomthetho ngokuya ngamavesi ahambelanayo ku-Eksodusi 22 (Mishnah, Bava Metzia 93a). Ngisho nanamuhla, ezweni lobuJuda lama-Orthodox, imithetho yokuvikela iyasebenza futhi iyenziwa.
Enye inkomba ejwayelekile yesiko le-pop eyaziwa namuhla isebenzisa igama elithi shomer livela kwifilimu yango-1998 "The Big Lebowski", lapho umlingisi kaJohn Goodman uWalter Sobchak ethukuthela kwiligi e-bowling kungasaphathwa ukuthi uyiShabos shomer.