IDarshanas: isingeniso kwifilosofi yamaHindu
AmaDarshanas yizikole zefilosofi ezisuselwa kumaVedas. Bayingxenye yemibhalo eyisithupha yamaHindu, eminye emihlanu ingama-shrutis, uSmiritis, u-Itihasa, uPurana no-Agamas. Ngenkathi ezine zokuqala zinokuqonda futhi kungokwesihlanu nokukhuthaza futhi kuthinta imizwa, amaDarshanas ayizingxenye zokuqonda zemibhalo yamaHindu. Izincwadi zikaDarshana zisefilosofi emvelweni futhi zenzelwe izazi ezinolwazi lokuqonda nokuqonda. Ngenkathi ama-Itihasas, amaPuranas kanye nama-Agamas enzelwe izisulu futhi kukhange enhliziyweni, iDarshanas ikhanga izazi.
Ifakwa kanjani ifilosofi yamaHindu?
Ifilosofi yamaHindu inezigaba eziyisithupha - uShad-Darsana - amaDarshanas ayisithupha noma izindlela zokubona izinto, ezivame ukubizwa ngezinhlelo eziyisithupha noma izikole zomcabango. Izigaba eziyisithupha zefilosofi zingamathuluzi okufakazela iqiniso. Isikole ngasinye sahumusha, sahlanganisa futhi sahlanganisa izingxenye ezahlukahlukene zama-Vedas ngendlela yaso. Uhlelo ngalunye lunama-Sutrakara alo, okungukuthi, okuwukuphela kwembali enkulu ehlelela izimfundiso zesikole futhi ngokushesha yazifaka kuma-aphorisms noma kumaSutras.
Yiziphi izinhlelo eziyisithupha zefilosofi yamaHindu?
Izikole ezahlukahlukene zokucabanga izindlela ezihlukile eziholela enhlosweni efanayo. Izinhlelo eziyisithupha yilezi:
Isihloko: USage Gautama usungule imigomo yeNifundo noma uhlelo olunengqondo lwaseNdiya. Isihloko sithathwa njengento edingeka kakhulu kunoma yikuphi ukuphenya kwefilosofi.
I-Vaiseshika: I-Vaiseshika iyisengezo sesihloko. Kanada ohlakaniphile waqamba iVaiseshika Sutra.
ISankhya: USage Kapila wasungula uhlelo lweSankhya.
I-Yoga: i-yoga iyisengezo eSankhya. USage Patanjali wahlela isikole saseYoga waqamba amaYoga Sutras.
IMimamsa: USage Jaimini, umfundi weSanasa enkulu, waqamba amaSutras esikole saseMimamsa, esuselwa ezingxenyeni zeSiko.
IVedanta: IVedanta iyisikhuliso nokugcwaliseka kweSankhya. USage Badarayana uqukethe iVedanta-Sutra noma iBrahma-Sutra ekhombisa izimfundiso ze-Upanishads.
Uyini umgomo weDarshanas?
Inhloso yawo wonke ama-Darshanas ayisithupha ukususwa kokungazi nemiphumela yako yobuhlungu nokuhlupheka, kanye nokuzuzwa kwenkululeko yaphakade, ukuphelela nobumnandi obuvela ebunyeni bomuntu ngamunye noma uJivatman onomPhefumulo Ophakeme. o Paramatman. INdaba ibiza uMithya Jnana ukungazi noma ulwazi lwamanga. ISankhya ikubiza nge-Aviveka noma ukungabandlululi phakathi kwangempela nokungokwangempela. IVedanta iyibiza nge-Avidya noma i-nescience. Ifilosofi ngayinye ihlose ukuqeda ukungazi ngokusebenzisa ulwazi noma uJnana futhi athole injabulo yaphakade.
Kuyini ukuhlangana phakathi kwezinhlelo eziyisithupha
Ngesikhathi seSankaracharya, zonke izikole eziyisithupha zefilosofi zachuma. Izikole eziyisithupha zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amathathu:
UMbali noVaiseshika
Sankhya and Yoga
UMimamsa noVedanta
INdaba neVaiseshika: INdaba neVaiseshika bahlinzeka ngokuhlaziywa komhlaba wesipiliyoni. Ekucwaningweni kweNhloko neVaiseshika, umuntu ufunda ukusebenzisa ubuhlakani bomuntu ukuthola amaphutha nokwazi umthethosisekelo wezwe. Bahlela zonke izinto zomhlaba zibe izinhlobo ezithile noma izigaba noma iPadartha. Bachaza ukuthi uNkulunkulu wawenza kanjani wonke umhlaba ophathekayo ngama-athomu nama-molecule futhi akhombisa indlela yokufinyelela kuLwazi Ophakeme kakhulu - lowo kaNkulunkulu.
ISankhya neYoga: ngokufunda iSankhya, umuntu angaqonda inkambo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Kuthunyelwe yisazi esikhulu uKapila, obhekwa njengoyise wesayensi yokusebenza kwengqondo, iSankhya inikeza ukuqonda okuphelele kwengqondo yamaHindu. Ukutadisha nokwenza i-Yoga kunikeza umuzwa wokuzithiba nokulawula kwengqondo nezinzwa. Ifilosofi ye-Yoga isebenza ngokuzindla nokulawulwa kweVrittis noma amagagasi okucabanga futhi ikhombisa izindlela zokuyala ingqondo nezinzwa. Kuyasiza ukuhlakulela ukugxila kwengqondo nokugxila kwengqondo nokungena esimweni sokungazi lutho esaziwa ngokuthi yiNirvikalpa Samadhi.
IMimamsa neVedanta: IMimamsa inezingxenye ezimbili: i- "Purva-Mimamsa" iphathelene neKarma-Kanda yeVedas ekhuluma ngesenzo, kanye ne "Uttara-Mimamsa" neJnana-Kanda, ebhekene nolwazi. Lesi sakamuva saziwa nangokuthi "iVedanta-Darshana" futhi sakha itshe legumbi lobuHindu. Ifilosofi kaVedanta ichaza ngokuningiliziwe uhlobo lukaBrahman noma uMuntu ongunaPhakade futhi ikhombisa ukuthi umphefumulo ngamunye, ngokweqiniso, ufana nePhakamani Self. Inikeza izindlela zokususa i-Avidya noma iveli yokungazi nokuhlanganisa olwandle lwenjabulo, i.e Brahman. Ngomkhuba weVedanta, umuntu angafinyelela umugqa wobunkulunkulu baphezulu noma inkazimulo nobunye noMuntu Ophakeme.
Yiluphi uhlelo olwanelisa kunazo zonke sefilosofi yamaNdiya?
IVedanta iyisimiso sefilosofi eyenelisa kunazo zonke futhi ngemuva kokuvela kwa-Upanishads, ithathe indawo yazo zonke ezinye izikole. Ngokusho kukaVedanta, ukuziqonda ngokwakho noma uJnana yinto esemqoka, futhi isiko nokukhulekelwa kuyizinto ezilula. IKarma ingaletha umuntu ezulwini kepha ayinakuqeda umjikelezo wokuzalwa nokufa futhi ayinakunikeza injabulo yaphakade nokungafi.