Imnyuziyamu yaseBaltimore ikhombisa ukuthunyelwa okukhohliwe okwasetshenziswa uSt. Francis wase Assisi
Eminyakeni engaphezulu kwamakhulu ayisishiyagalombili edlule, uSt. Francis wase-Assisi nabangane bakhe ababili bavula incwadi yomkhuleko kathathu esontweni labo leSan Nicolò e-Italy.
Benethemba lokuthi uNkulunkulu uzobathumelela umyalezo, abantu abasha abacebile babheka lo mbhalo wesandla ngomkhuleko kube umuntu ngamunye kaZiqu-zintathu Ongcwele.
Ngokumangazayo, ngalinye lamavesi amathathu eVangeli abekwe kulo lalinomyalo ofanayo: ukulahla izimpahla zasemhlabeni bese ulandela uKristu.
Ukuthatha la mazwi enhliziyweni, uSt. Francis wasungula umthetho wokulawula owawuzoba yi-Order of Friars Little. AmaFrancis amukele ubuphofu obukhulu ukuze asondele kuJesu futhi ashumayeze nabanye.
Incwadi efanayo eyaphefumulela iSt. Francis ngonyaka we-1208 kufanele igqugquzele izinkulungwane zabanye, njengoba iWalters Art Museum eBaltimore iyiveza okokuqala emphakathini eminyakeni engama-40, kusukela ngoFebhuwari 1 kuya kuMeyi 31.
Ukulahlwa kukaMiss Styl kukaFrancis, umbhalo wesandla wekhulu leshumi nambili uSt. Francis wase Assisi abonisana naye ngenkathi eqonda impilo yakhe engokomoya, uzoboniswa eWalters Art Museum eBaltimore kusuka ngoFebhuwari 1 kuya kuMeyi 31.
Umsebenzi waseLatin, oqukethe ukufundwa kwamaVangeli nemikhuleko esetshenziswe ngesikhathi sobuningi, uye wenza umzamo wokulondolozwa kweminyaka emibili okuhloswe ngawo ukulungisa imali yeminyaka eyikhulu.
Ukuqothuka, ikakhulukazi okuthandwa amaKatolika, akuyona nje into eyingqophamlando. Njengoba wathintwa ngcwele, kubhekwa nabaningi njengento yenkolo.
"Lona umbhalo wethu wesicelo osicelwe kakhulu," kusho uLynley Herbert, umgcini wezincwadi nemibhalo yesandla eWalters.
UHerbert waphawula ukuthi abakwaFrancis abavela emhlabeni jikelele bahambele amaWalters emashumini eminyaka ukuzobheka incwadi ekhanyiselwe ngokucebile. Ngenxa yokubaluleka kwaso emphakathini waseFrancisco, amaWalters amvumela ukuthi awubone ngisho nalapho izimo ezintekenteke zombhalo wesandla zivimbela khona ekubonisweni komphakathi.
"Sesiphenduke indawo yabahambi," kuchaza uHerbert. "Cishe ngithintwa njalo ngenyanga, uma kungenjalo ngesonto, ngezicelo zokubuka le ncwadi."
UHerbert wathi lowo msebenzi wamelwa iSonto laseSan Nicolò e-Assisi. Umbhalo ophakathi kombhalo obonisa ukuthi umnikeli wezincwadi wayehlala e-Assisi ngonyaka ka-1180 nango-1190.
"Umbhalo wesandla kungenzeka wangaphambi kuka-1200," kusho okhulumela abezindaba i-Archdiocese yaseBaltimore etshela i-Catholic Review. "Ngekhulu le-15, bekufanele siphinde senziwe kabusha ngoba ukubopha kungenzeka kwaqala ukuwa ngemuva kokusetshenziswa amakhulu amaningi eminyaka."
Kuthiwa iMissal yaseSan Francesco yayibanjelwe eSan Nicolò kuze kwaba nokuzamazama komhlaba kulimaza isonto ngekhulu le-XNUMX. Izinto zobuciko zesonto zabe sezihlakazeka futhi isonto lacekelwa phansi. Konke okusalayo namuhla yikuchithwa kwesonto.
UHenry Walters, oqoqo lakhe lobuciko laba yisisekelo seWalters Art Museum, wathenga uMbhali waseSt. Francis kumthengisi wezobuciko ngonyaka we-1924, ngokusho kukaHerbert.
UQuandt uthe inselelo enkulu ukulungiswa kwamapulangwe e-beech wekhulu le-XNUMX asize ekubambeni incwadi ndawonye. Amabhodi namanye amakhasi esikhumba ahlaselwe kudala yizinambuzane futhi ashiye izimbobo eziningi, kusho yena.
UQuandt noMagee bakhiphe amabhodi babeka ikhasi lencwadi ngephepha. Bagcwalisa izimbobo ngesinamatheki elikhethekile ukuqinisa izinkuni, balungisa amakhasi futhi esikhundleni salowo msipha wesikhumba bafaka isikhumba esisha. Wonke umbhalo wesandla uzinze futhi wahlanganiswa ndawonye.
Lapho besebenza kulo msebenzi, abasebenza kuleli dolobha bathola ukuthi ngokungafani nalokho obekulindelwe embhalweni obhaliwe, iqabunga legolide alizange lisetshenziswe eMbumbulu waseSt. Ababhali abakhanyisela amakhasi wesikhumba esikhundleni salokho basebenzisa iqabunga lesiliva elalingenamuntu ngohlobo lokupenda olwenza kwabukeka njengegolide.
Isebenzisa amalambu e-ultraviolet ne-infrared, ithimba leWalters liphinde labona amanye amaphutha ababhali abawenzile ekukhiqizeni incwadi yomkhuleko: igama, umusho noma izigaba zonke zazingekho ngenkathi bekopisha imibhalo engcwele.
"Imvamisa, umbhali uvele wathatha umucu wakhe wepeni wahluza phezulu (kwesikhumba), ngokucophelela wasusa inhlamvu ebhalwe igama noma igama," kusho uQuandt. "Bese bezobhala ngakho."
Ngenkathi ama-conservatives asebenza ngokulondolozwa kombhalo wesandla, ikhasi ngalinye laliskenwa ukuze noma ngubani ongena kwi-Intanethi emhlabeni wonke abuke futhi afunde incwadi. Izotholakala ekhasini lewebhu leWalters 'Ex-Libris, https://manuscriptts.thewalters.org, ucwaninga nge "The Missal of San Francesco".
Lo mbukiso uzobe wethula nezinye izinto eziningi, kufaka phakathi imidwebo, izindlovu kanye nobumba kusukela ezikhathini ezihlukene zesikhathi, ugcizelele "izici ezihlukile zokukhonjiswa kwalokhu kwaziswa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nokuthi kubathinta kanjani abantu abehlukene," kusho uHerbert.
Ngaphezu kwendatshana ehlobene negalelo likaSan Francesco enhlanganweni yamaFrancisco, kuzoba nezinto ezihlobene noSanta Chiara, ongowesifazane wokuqala ukulandela iSan Francesco, noSant'Antonio da Padova, obegxile kakhulu ekushumayeleni nasekusakazeni umyalezo kaFrancisco, uthe UHerbert.
"Kukhona futhi icala elizogxila ekuzinikeleni kwangasese nakumaFrance amaFrance," kusho yena.
UHerbert waphawula ukuthi lo mshini ngokwawo unamakhasi amathathu agcwele imibani enemibala, kubandakanya isithombe esivelele soMnqamlezo okhombisa uKristu esiphambanweni enezingelosi ezimbili ngaphezulu. UMaria noSan Giovanni l'Amato baseceleni kwakhe.
Umbukiso wamahhala, oxhaswe yingxenye yi-Archdiocese yaseBaltimore, ubusenza ukuthi incwadi yawo ivulwe kwelinye lamavesi amathathu wombhalo weVangeli afundwe iSt. Uyafunda.
"Lapho kukhonjiswa lo mbhalo wesikhathi esedlule, bekulokhu kuvulelekile olunye ukhanyiso - empeleni oluhle," kusho uHerbert. "Kodwa besicabanga ngakho isikhathi eside futhi sanquma ukuthi bekuzoba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu ukuthi abantu beze bazowubona kulo mbukiso ukube ngabe sikhombise ukuvulwa kweSan Francesco empeleni obekungahlangana nakho."
UMatysek ungumhleli wedijithali we-archdiocese yaseBaltimore.