IVatican ivula ukulondolozwa kukaPapa Pius XII kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili
Ngemuva kwengcindezi yamashumi eminyaka yokuqhamuka kwizazi-mlando namaqembu amaJuda, iVietnam ngoMsombuluko yaqala ukuvumela izifundi ukuthi zifinyelele ezinqolobaneni zikaPapa Pius XII, ophikisana nempi yeMpi Yezwe Yesibili.
Iziphathimandla zeSonto LamaRoma Katolika bezilokhu zigcizelela ukuthi uPius wenza konke okusemandleni ukusindisa izimpilo zamaJuda. Kepha wathula esidlangalaleni ngenkathi amaJuda ayizigidi eziyisithupha ebulawa ekuQothulweni Kwesizwe.
Izazi ezingaphezu kuka-150 ziye zafaka isicelo sokufunda imibhalo ephathelene nobupapa bakhe, eyaqhubeka ngo-1939 kuya ku-1958. Ngokuvamile, iVietnam ilinda iminyaka engama-70 ngemuva kokuphela kobonakali ayovulela izazi zayo.
Ekhuluma nezintatheli ngomhlaka 20 kuFebhuwari, umabhalane omkhulu weVictoria, uCardinal José Tolentino Calaça de Mendonça, uthe bonke abaphenyi, kungakhathalekile ukuthi bangabuphi ubuzwe, ukholo kanye nemibono.
"Isonto alikesabi umlando," esho egcizelela amazwi kaPapa uFrancis lapho ememezela inhloso yakhe ukuvula izigcini zePius XII ngonyaka owedlule.
Iziphathimandla zeSonto LamaRoma Katolika zihlale zigcizelela ukuthi uPapa Pius XII, okhonjiswe lapha esithombeni esingachazwanga, enze konke okusemandleni ukusindisa izimpilo zamaJuda. Kepha wathula esidlangalaleni ngenkathi amaJuda ayizigidi eziyisithupha ebulawa ekuQothulweni Kwesizwe.
Amaqembu amaJuda akwamukele ukuvulwa kwengobo yomlando. "Ngokumema abalobi bezomlando kanye nezazi ukuthi zifinyelele esidlangalaleni umlando weMpi Yezwe II eVatican, uPapa Francis ukhombisa ukuzibophezela kwakhe ekufundeni nasekusakazeni iqiniso, kanye nencazelo yenkumbulo yokuQothulwa Kwesizwe," kusho yena. UMongameli we-World Jewish Congress uRonald S. Lauder esitatimendeni.
UJohan Ickx, ongumgcini wezincwadi waseVietnam, uthi izifundiswa zizokwazi ukufinyelela kalula kumafayili.
"Njengamanje sesidlulise imibhalo eyi-1 million 300.000 efakwe kwidijithali futhi yaxhunyaniswa ne-yokusungula yayo, ukusiza abacwaningi ukuthi bahambe ngokushesha," kusho yena.
Labo baphenyi babelinde isikhathi eside. Umdidiyeli waseJalimane kusuka ngonyaka ka-1963, oyiphini likaRolf Hochhuth, waphakamisa imibuzo ngendima yempi kaPio futhi wamsola ngokuthula okuyinkimbinkimbi ngokuQothulwa Kwesizwe. Imizamo yeVietnam yokumshaya iminyazwa yizinkumbulo ezisabonakala eRoma ngokuziphatha kwakhe kumaJuda aleli dolobha ngesikhathi sokuphathwa amaNazi.
Itshe elisodongeni ngaphandle kwekolishi lezempi eRoma lenza isikhumbuzo sokuqoqwa kwamaJuda ayi-1.259. Kufundwa lokhu: “Ngo-Okthoba 16, 1943 yonke imindeni yamaJuda amaRoma eyayihluthulelwe emakhaya amaNazi yalethwa lapha yathunyelwa emakamu okuxoshwa. Kubantu abangaphezu kwenkulungwane, kwasinda abayi-1.000 kuphela. "
Uhlu lwamatshe aseRoma lukhumbula ukukhululwa nokuxoshwa kwemindeni yamaJuda ngamaNazi ekuxosheni amakamu ngo-Okthoba 16, 1943. "Kubantu abangaphezu kuka-1000, kwasinda abangu-16 kuphela," kusho lo mbhalo.
USylvia Poggioli / NPR
Indawo le ingamamitha angama-800 ukusuka eSt Peter Square - "ngaphansi kwamafasitela afanayo nopopayi", njengoba kubikwa ngu-Ernst von Weizsacker, ngaleso sikhathi owayeyinxusa laseJalimane eVatican, ebhekisa kuHitler.
UDavid Kertzer waseBrown University ubhale kabanzi emapapa nakumaJuda. Uzuze umklomelo wePulitzer Prize 2015 wencwadi yakhe u-Il Papa e Mussolini: umlando oyimfihlo wePius XI kanye nokunyuka kokushisekela ubuqili eYurophu, endaweni eyandulela uPius XII, futhi ugcinele ideski emugcinweni wokugcina weVictoria ezinyangeni ezine ezizayo.
UKertzer uthi kuningi okwaziwayo ngalokho uPius XII akwenza. Okuncane kakhulu okwaziwayo ngezingxoxo zangaphakathi phakathi neminyaka yempi eVatican.
“Siyazi ukuthi [uPius XII] akazange athathe izinyathelo zomphakathi,” kusho yena. “Akazange abhikishe uHitler. Kepha ubani eVatican owayengamkhuthaza ukuba akwenze? Ubani owayengakwazisa ngokuqapha? Lolu uhlobo lwento engicabanga ukuthi sizoyithola noma sinethemba lokuyithola. "
Njengabaqali-mlando abaningi baleli bandla, uMassimo Faggioli, ofundela ubufundisi e-University of Villanova, naye unesifiso sokuzwa ngePio ngemuva kweMpi Yomhlaba Yesibili, phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Ikakhulu, uyazibuza, ngabe abaphathi baseVictoria bangenela okhethweni lwase-Italy ngo-1948, lapho ithuba langempela lokunqoba leqembu lamaKhomanisi?
Umbhalo wesandla sikaPapa Pius XII ubonakala ekuhlakaleni kwenkulumo yakhe yango-1944, ekhonjiswe ngenkathi kuhanjelwa ukuvakasha kwabezindaba ngomtapo wezincwadi waseVatican ePapa Pius XII ngoFebhuwari 27.
"Ngingathanda ukwazi ukuthi hlobo luni lokukhulumisana phakathi kweSecretariat of State [Vatican] neCIA," kusho yena. "UPapa Pius wayeqinisekile ukuthi kufanele avikele umbono othile wezimpucuko zobuKristu eYurophu kobukhomanisi".
UKertzer uyaqiniseka ukuthi iSonto lamaKhatholika lidumele ngokuQothulwa Kwesizwe. Eqinisweni, amaJuda ayizinkulungwane eziningana abamba isiphephelo emihlanganweni yamaKatolika e-Italy. Kepha lokho athembela ukukuqonda kangcono kusuka ezinqolobaneni zikaPio yindima eyadlalwa yileli bandla ekwenziweni kwamademoni ngamaJuda.
"Abathengisi abaphambili bokungcolisa amaJuda amashumishumi eminyaka bebengewona umbuso, kwakuyilona bandla," esho. "Futhi wayehlambalaza amaJuda kuze kube yiminyaka yo-30 nokuqala kokuQothulwa Kwesizwe, uma kungenjalo, kufaka nezincwadi zaseVatican."
Lokhu, kusho uKertzer, yilokho iVatican okufanele ibhekane nakho.