Umcimbi wokugubha nokugubha kukaBat Mitzvah
IBat mitzvah ngokwezwi nezwi isho ukuthi "indodakazi yomyalo". Igama elithi bat lihumushela "endodakazini" ngesi-Aramaic, okwakululimi olwaluvame ukhulunywa ngabantu abangamaHeberu futhi engxenyeni enkulu ye-Middle East kusuka ngo-500 BC kuya ku-400 AD. Igama elithi mitzvah lingesiHeberu ngokuthi "command".
Igama elithi Bat Mitzvah libhekisela ezintweni ezimbili
Lapho intombazane ifinyelela eminyakeni engu-12 ubudala iba bat batzvah futhi yamukeleka ngesiko lamaJuda njengamalungelo afanayo nawomuntu omdala. Manje unesibopho sokuziphatha nesimilo esifanele ezinqumweni nasezenzweni zakhe, ngenkathi ngaphambi kokuba abe mdala, abazali bakhe babeyozibophezela ngokuziphatha nangokwezifiso ngezenzo zakhe.
IBat mitzvah futhi isho emkhosini wenkolo ohambisana nentombazane ukuze ube yi-bat mitzvah. Imvamisa iphathi yokugubha ilandela umkhosi bese lelo phathi libizwa nangokuthi i-bat mitzvah. Ukwenza isibonelo, umuntu angasho ukuthi, "Ngiya e-bat's kaSara mitzvah kule mpelasonto," ebhekise emkhosini nasephathini ukuzobungaza umcimbi.
Le ndatshana imayelana nomkhosi wenkolo nangomkhosi obizwa nge-bat mitzvah. Imininingwane yalomkhosi kanye nomgubho, yize kunomkhosi wenkolo wokugubha umcimbi, iyahlukahluka ngokuya ngenhlangano yamaJuda umndeni okuyo.
Storia
Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX nasekuqalekeni kweminyaka yama-XNUMX, imiphakathi eminingi yamaJuda yaqala ukumaka lapho intombazane iba nge-bat mitzvah ngomkhosi okhethekile. Lokhu bekuhluke esikweni lesiko lamaJuda, okwenqabela abesifazane ukuthi bahlanganyele ngokuqondile ezinkonzweni zenkolo.
Besebenzisa umkhosi we-bar mitzvah njengesibonelo, imiphakathi yamaJuda yaqala ukuzama ukuthuthukiswa komkhosi ofanayo wamantombazane. Ngo-1922, uRabi uMordin Kaplan wenza umcimbi wokuqala wokubeletha eMelika indodakazi yakhe uJudith, ngenkathi evunyelwa ukuba afunde eTorah lapho eba ibhendi le-mitzvah. Yize leli lungelo elisha litholakele lalingahambisani nobunzima bomsiko we-bar mitzvah, kodwa nokho umcimbi umake lokho okubhekwe kabanzi njenge-bat mitzvah yokuqala yanamuhla e-United States. Kubangele ukukhula kanye nokuvela kwesiko lesimanje le-bat mitzvah.
Umkhosi emiphakathini engafundile
Emiphakathini eminingi yamaJuda enenkululeko, ngokwesibonelo emiphakathini yezinguquko nezokulondolozwa kwemikhosi, umcimbi we-bat mitzvah usecishe wafana nomkhosi we-bar mitzvah wabafana. Le miphakathi imvamisa ibuza intombazane ngokulungiselela okukhulu inkonzo yenkolo. Imvamisa ufunda ne-rabbi kanye / noma i-cantor izinyanga eziningana, futhi kwesinye isikhathi iminyaka. Ngenkathi iqhaza eliqondile eliyidlalayo enkonzweni lizohluka phakathi kokunyakaza okuhlukile kwamaJuda namasinagoge, kuvame ukubandakanya okunye noma konke lokhu okulandelayo:
Yenza imithandazo ethile noma inkonzo yonke ngesikhathi senkonzo kaShabat noma
Funda ingxenye ye-Torah yesonto ngesikhathi senkonzo yeShabat noma, kaningi, insizakalo yenkolo phakathi nezinsuku. Imvamisa intombazane izofunda futhi isebenzise ukucula kwendabuko lapho kufundwa.
Funda ingxenye yamasonto onke yeHaftarah ngesikhathi senkonzo yeShabat noma, noma ngaphansi kwensonto yenkolo. Imvamisa intombazane izofunda futhi isebenzise ukucula kwendabuko lapho kufundwa.
Nikeza inkulumo ngokufunda iTorah kanye / noma uHaftarah.
Ngokuqedela iphrojekthi ye-tzedakah (isisa) eholela emcimbini wokuqongelela imali noma iminikelo yokupha ngenkani ukukhetha i-bat mitzvah.
Umndeni we-bat mitzvah uvame ukuhlonishwa futhi uqashelwe ngesikhathi senkonzo nge-aliyah noma ama-aliot amaningi. Emasinagogeni amaningi sekubuye kwaba yisiko ukudlulisa iTorah isuka kugogo nomkhulu iye kubazali kuyi-bat mitzvah, okubonisa ukulahlwa kwesibopho sokubandakanya esifundweni seTorah nobuJuda.
Ngenkathi umcimbi we-bat mitzvah ungumcimbi obalulekile wokujikeleza kwempilo kanye nokuphela kweminyaka yokufunda, empeleni akuyona ukuphela kwemfundo yamantombazane yamantombazane. Kumane nje kuyisiqalo sempilo yokufunda kwamaJuda, ukutadisha nokuzibandakanya emphakathini wamaJuda.
Umkhosi emiphakathini yama-Orthodox
Njengoba ukubandakanyeka kwabesifazane emikhosini ehlelekile yenkolo kusavinjelwe emiphakathini eminingi yamaJuda ama-Orthodox kanye ne-Ultra-Orthodox, umkhosi wama-bat mitzvah ngokuvamile awukho ngendlela efanayo nokuhamba kwenkululeko. Kodwa-ke, intombazane eba yi-bat mitzvah iseyisikhathi esikhethekile. Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, imigubho yomphakathi ye-bat mitzvah iye yande kakhulu phakathi kwamaJuda ama-Orthodox, yize imikhosi ihlukile kuhlobo lomkhosi webat mitzvah ochazwe ngenhla.
Izindlela zokumaka umcimbi ziyahlukahluka emphakathini. Kweminye imiphakathi, ama-bat mitvava angafunda kwiTorah futhi enze inkonzo ekhethekile yokuthandaza yabesifazane kuphela. Kweminye imiphakathi yama-Haredi ama-Orthodox ase-Ultra, amantombazane anezidlo ezikhethekile zabesifazane kuphela lapho i-bat mitzvah izonikeza iD'var Torah, imfundiso emfushane engxenyeni yeTorah ngeviki lakhe le-bat mitzvah. Emiphakathini eminingi yanamuhla yama-Orthodox ku-Shabbat ngemuva kwentombazane eba yi-bat mitzvah, angakwazi futhi ukuletha iTorah D'var. Akukho ndlela efanayo yomkhosi wama-bat mitzvah emiphakathini yama-Orthodox okwamanje, kepha isiko liyaqhubeka ukuvela.
Ukugubha nephathi
Isiko lokulandela umkhosi wenkolo ye-bat mitzvah ngomkhosi wokugubha noma ngisho nomkhosi ojabulisayo muva nje. Ukuba ngumcimbi omkhulu wokujikeleza kwempilo, kuyaqondakala ukuthi amaJuda anamuhla ayakujabulela ukugubha umcimbi futhi afake izinhlobo ezifanayo zezinto zokugubha eziyingxenye yeminye imicimbi yomjikelezo wempilo. Kepha njengoba umcimbi womshado ubaluleke ukwedlula ukwamukela okulandelayo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi iqembu le-bat mitzvah limane nje lingumgubho ophawula imiphumela yenkolo yokuba yisiteki se-bat mitzvah. Ngenkathi iphathi ijwayelekile phakathi kwamaJuda akhululeka kakhulu, ayitholakalanga emiphakathini yama-Orthodox.
Izipho
Izipho zivame ukunikezwa i-bat mitzvah (imvamisa ngemuva komkhosi, ephathini noma esidlweni). Noma yisiphi isipho esifanele sosuku lokuzalwa lwamantombazane aneminyaka engu-13 singalethwa. Imali ivame ukunikezwa njengesipho se-bat mitzvah. Sekuwumkhuba wemindeni eminingi ukunikela ngengxenye yanoma yisiphi isipho semali kwinhlangano enikela ngenhliziyo ekhethwe yi-bat mitzvah, okusalayo okuvame ukungezelelwa esikhwameni sezingane zasekolishi noma ngokunikela kunoma yiluphi olunye uhlelo lwemfundo yamaJuda olungabamba iqhaza kulo.