ISonto le-Holy Sepulcher: ukwakhiwa kanye nomlando wesayithi elibaluleke kakhulu kubuKristu

Da UPaolo Tescione - Ephreli 21, 2020

IChurch of the Holy Sepulcher, eyakhiwa okokuqala ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX AD, ingesinye sezindawo ezingcwele kunazo zonke ebuKristwini, ehlonishwa njengendawo yokubethelwa, ukungcwatshwa kanye nokuvuka komsunguli wabo uJesu Kristu. Etholakala enhlokodolobha yase-Israel / yasePalestina engqubuzanayo, iSonto labiwa ngamahlelo angamaKhristu ayisithupha ahlukene: i-Greek Orthodox, Latin (Roman Catholic), Armenian, Coptic, Syriac Jacobite, kanye ne-Ethiopia.

Lobumbano olwabiwe nolungenakuphumula luyinkomba yezinguquko kanye nokuhlukana okwenzekile ebuKristwini eminyakeni engama-700 selokhu yakhiwa okokuqala.

Ukuthola ithuna likaKristu

Ngokwesazi-mlando, ngemuva kokuba uMbusi waseByzantium uConstantine Omkhulu eguqukele ebuKristwini ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-250 AD, wazama ukuthola nokwakha amasonto angcwele endaweni yokuzalwa kukaJesu, ukubethelwa nokuvuka. Unina kaConstantine, u-Empress UHelen (330-326 AD), waya eZweni Elingcwele ngonyaka ka-260 AD wakhuluma namaKrestu ayehlala lapho, kubalwa no-Eusebius (cishe ngo-340-XNUMX), isazi-mlando sokuqala sobuKrestu.

AmaKhristu aseJerusalema ngaleso sikhathi ayenesiqiniseko sokuthi iThuna likaKrestu lalisendaweni eyayingaphandle kwezindonga zedolobha kepha manje yayingaphakathi kwezindonga ezintsha zedolobha. Bakholelwa ukuthi ibitholakala ngaphansi kwethempeli elizinikele kuVenus - kungaba yiJupiter, iMinerva noma i-Isis, imibiko iyahlukahluka - eyakhiwa ngumbusi waseRoma uHadrian ngo-135 AD.

Ukwakha isonto likaConstantine

UConstantine wathumela izisebenzi eJerusalema ezathi ziholwa ngumakhi wakhe uZenobius, zabhidliza ithempeli zathola ngaphansi kwalo amathuna amaningi ayesikwe egqumeni. Amadoda kaConstantine akhetha leya abecabanga ukuthi ilungile futhi asika igquma ukuze ithuna lishiyeke endaweni eboshwe ngamatshe amatshe. Babe sebehlobisa leli bhulokhi ngezinsika, ngophahla nangompheme.

Eduze kwaleli thuna kwakukhona indunduma yamadwala eyi-jagged abayichaza njengeCalvary noma iGolgotha, lapho kwathiwa uJesu wabethelwa khona. Abasebenzi basika idwala futhi babuye balivala, bakha igceke eliseduze ukuze idwala libe ekhoneni eliseningizimu-mpumalanga.

Isonto lovuko

Ekugcineni, abasebenzi bakha isonto elikhulu elinjengesithempeli, elibizwa ngeMartyrium, elibheke entshonalanga libheke egcekeni elivulekile. Yayinombala ongaphambili wemabula, ifulethi eliqhakazile, uphahla olumbozwe ngegolide, nezindonga zangaphakathi zemabula emibalabala. Indawo engcwele yayinamakholomu ayishumi nambili emabula anezitsha zesiliva noma ama-urns, amanye awo asalondoloziwe. Ngokubambisana, izakhiwo zabizwa ngokuthi iSonto Lovuko.

Isiza sanikezelwa ngoSepthemba wonyaka ka-335, umcimbi owawusagubha njenge- "Holy Cross Day" kokunye ukuvuma ubuKrestu. ISonto Lovuko neJerusalema lahlala ngaphansi kwesivikelo sesonto laseByzantium emakhulwini amathathu eminyaka alandelayo.

Imisebenzi yeZoroastrian neyamaSulumane

Ngo-614, amaPheresiya amaZoroaster ngaphansi kukaChosroes II ahlasela iPalestine futhi, okwamanje, iningi lesonto likaConstantine nebandla lakhe labhujiswa. Ngo-626, inzalamizi yaseJerusalema Modesto yabuyisela isonto. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, umbusi waseByzantium uHeraclius wehlula wabulala amaChosroes.

Ngo-638 iJerusalema lawela kumholi wamaSulumane u-Omar (noma u-Umar, ngo-591-644 AD). Ukulandela imiyalo yeKoran, u-Omar wabhala iSivumelwano esingajwayelekile sika-'Umar, isivumelwano nesinzalamizi esingumKristu uSopronios. Izinsalela ezisindile zemiphakathi yamaJuda neyamaKristu zazinesikhundla sika-ahl al dhimma (abantu abavikelwe) futhi, ngenxa yalokho, u-Omar wathembisa ukugcina ubungcwele bazo zonke izindawo ezingcwele zobuKristu nezamaJuda eJerusalema. Esikhundleni sokungena, u-Omar wathandaza ngaphandle kweSonto Lovuko, ethi ukuthandaza ngaphakathi kuzokwenza indawo engcwele yamaSulumane. I-Omar Mosque yakhiwa ngo-935 ukukhumbula leyo ndawo.

Umbusi osangene, u-al-Hakim bin-Amr Allah

Phakathi kuka-1009 no-1021, umbusi we-Fatimid al-Hakim bin-Amr Allah, owaziwa ngokuthi "u-caliph osangene" ezincwadini zaseNtshonalanga, wabhubhisa iningi lesonto lovuko, kuhlanganise nokudilizwa kwethuna likaKristu, futhi wavimbela ukukhulekela kobuKristu. esizeni. Ukuzamazama komhlaba ngo-1033 kwadala umonakalo omkhulu.

Ngemuva kokushona kukaHakim, indodana kaCaliph al-Hakim Ali az-Zhahir yagunyaza ukwakhiwa kabusha kweSepulcher neGolgotha. Amaphrojekthi wokubuyisela aqalwa ngo-1042 ngaphansi kombusi waseByzantium uConstantine IX Monomachos (1000-1055). futhi ithuna lafakwa esikhundleni salo ngo-1048 kwafana nomfanekiso omncane wesandulela salo. Ithuna elisikwe edwaleni lase lingasekho, kodwa kwakhiwa isakhiwo esakhiweni; i-aedicule yamanje yakhiwa ngo-1810.

Ukwakhiwa kabusha kwe-Crusader

Izimpi Zenkolo zaqalwa yiKnights Templar ezazicasulwe kakhulu, phakathi kokunye, yimisebenzi kaHakim the Fool, futhi yathatha iJerusalema ngo-1099. AmaKrestu ayephethe iJerusalema kusukela ngonyaka ka-1099 kuya ku-1187. Phakathi kuka-1099 no-1149, amaKhuseli amboza igceke ngophahla, asusa ingaphambili le-rotunda, akha kabusha futhi ahlela kabusha isonto ukuze libheke empumalanga, futhi ahambisa umnyango ohlangothini oluseningizimu lwamanje, iParvis, zingena kanjalo izivakashi namuhla.

Yize ukulungiswa okuningi okuncane okwenziwe yiminyaka nokuzamazama komhlaba kwenziwa ngabaninimasheya abahlukahlukene emangcwabeni alandelayo, umsebenzi obanzi wabaKhuseli beNkolo bekhulu le-XNUMX wenza ingxenye enkulu yalokho iSonto Lendawo Engcwele Engcwele eyikho namuhla.

Ama-Chapel nezici

Kunamasonto amaningi futhi kubizwa ngama-niches kuyo yonke i-CHS, amaningi awo anamagama ahlukene ngezilimi ezahlukahlukene. Eziningi zalezi zici kwakuyizindawo ezingcwele ezazakhelwe ukukhumbula izehlakalo ezenzeka kwenye indawo eJerusalema, kepha izindawo ezingcwele zathunyelwa eBandleni leSingcweti esingcwele, ngoba ukukhonza kobuKristu kwakunzima edolobheni. Lokhu kufaka kepha akukhawulelwe ku:

I-Aedicule - isakhiwo esingenhla kwethuna likaKristu, inguqulo yamanje eyakhiwe ngo-1810
IThuna likaGiuseppe d'Arimatea - ngaphansi kwegunya lamaSyro-Jacobites
U-Anastasia Rotunda: ukhumbula uvuko
ISahluko Sokubonakala Kwentombi - ngaphansi kwegunya lamaRoma Katolika
Izinsika Zentombi: I-Greek Orthodox
ISahluko sokutholwa kwesiphambano sangempela: amaRoma Katolika
UChael waseSt. Varian —Etiopians
UParvis, umnyango onamakholomu, yijaji elabiwe ngamaGrikhi, amaKhatholika kanye nabase-Armenia
Itshe lokugcotshwa - lapho kwagcotshwa khona umzimba kaJesu ngemuva kokususwa esiphambanweni
IChapel of the Three Marys - ikhumbula lapho uMariya (unina kaJesu), uMary Magdalene noMary of Clopa bebona ukubethelwa
Isonto likaSan Longino: induna yekhulu yaseRoma eyahlaba uKrestu yaguqukela ebuKristwini
IHelen's Chapel - isikhumbuzo seNdlovukazi uHelen