Impilo kanye namafilosofi kaConfucius
UConfucius (551- 479 BC), umsunguli wefilosofi eyaziwa ngokuthi iConfucianism, wayengumfundi waseChina futhi ongumfundisi owachitha impilo yakhe esebenza nezindinganiso zokuziphatha ezisebenzayo. Wayebizwa Kong Kong Qiu ngesikhathi sokuzalwa futhi wayaziwa nangokuthi Kong Kong Fuzi, Kong Zi, K'ung Ch'iu noma Master Kong. Igama elithi Confucius ukuhumusha kweCong Fuzi, futhi kwasetshenziswa okokuqala ngabafundi abangamaJesuit abavakashela eChina futhi bafunda ngawo ngekhulu le-XNUMX AD
Amaqiniso okusheshayo: UConfucius
Igama eligcwele: Kong Kong Qiu (ngokuzalwa). Yaziwa nangokuthi yi-Kong Fuzi, i-Kong Zi, i-K'ung Ch'iu noma yi-Master Kong
Wayaziwa: isazi sefilosofi, umsunguli weConfucianism
Wazalwa: 551 BC eQonfu, China
Kufa: 479 BC eQonfu, China
Bazali: Shuliang He (ubaba); Ilungu lomndeni kaJan (umama)
Umlingani: Qiguan
Izingane: U-Bo Yu (obizwa nangokuthi yi-Kong Li)
Isiqalo sokuphila
Yize uConfucius ephila phakathi nekhulu lesihlanu BC, umlando wakhe awuzange uqoshwe kuze kube yilapho inkosi yamakhosi yaseHan, eminyakeni engaba ngu-400 kamuva, emarekhodini e-Great Historian noma kaShiji weSima Qian. UConfucius wazalwa emndenini owake waba nobushiqela ezweni elincane elibizwa ngokuthi uLu, enyakatho-mpumalanga yeChina ngo-551 BC, ngaphambi nje kwenkathi yezinxushunxushu zezombusazwe ezaziwa ngeWarring States Period. Izinguqulo ezahlukahlukene zamaShiji zibonisa ukuthi ubaba wakhe wayesekhulile, ecishe abe ngu-70, kanti umama wakhe wayeneminyaka engu-15 kuphela ubudala, futhi inyunyana kungenzeka ukuthi yayingaphandle komshado.
Ubaba kaConfucius washona esemncane futhi wakhuliswa ngubuphofu ngunina. Ngokusho kwe The Analections, iqoqo lezimfundiso namazwi ahlanganiswa nguConfucius, uthole amakhono athobekile ngenxa yesidingo kusuka ekukhulisweni kwakhe okungekuhle, yize isikhundla sakhe njengelungu lomndeni womndeni ophikisana nobuphekula zazimnika amandla okuphishekela izifiso zakhe zemfundo. Lapho uConfucius eneminyaka engu-19 ubudala, washada noQiguan, yize ahlukana naye ngokushesha. Amarekhodi ayahluka, kepha umbhangqwana uyaziwa ukuthi wayenengane eyodwa, uBo Yu (obizwa nangokuthi yiCong Li).
Ngemuva kweminyaka
Cishe eneminyaka engama-30 ubudala, uConfucius waqala ukwenza umsebenzi wokuziphilisa, ethatha izindima zokuphatha nezikhundla ezalandela zezepolitiki zombuso kaLu nomndeni wakhe. Ngesikhathi efika ku-50, wayesephoxekile ngenkohlakalo nezinxushunxushu zempilo yezepolitiki, waqala uhambo lweminyaka eyi-12 edlula eChina, eqoqa abafundi futhi efundisa.
Kuncane okwaziwayo ngokuphela kwempilo kaConfucius, yize kucatshangwa ukuthi usebenzise le minyaka ebhala ngemikhuba nezimfundiso zakhe. Umfundi wakhe amthandayo nendodana yakhe okuwukuphela kwayo bashona ngalesi sikhathi futhi ukufundisa kukaConfucius kwakungekasenzi ngcono isimo sikahulumeni. Ubikezele ukuqala kwenkathi yezindawo zokulwa futhi wahluleka ukuvimba iziyaluyalu. UConfucius ushone ngo-479 BC, yize izifundo zakhe kanye namagugu sekudlule amakhulu eminyaka.
Izimfundiso zikaConfucius
I-Confucianism, evela emibhalweni nasekufundisweni kukaConfucius, yisiko eligxile ekufezeni nasekugcinweni kobumbano kwezenhlalo. Lokhu kuhlangana kungatholakala futhi kugqugquzelwe ngokuqhubekayo ngokulandela amasiko nemicikilisho, futhi kususelwa kusisekelo sokuthi abantu ngokomqondo muhle, bayathinteka futhi bayafundiseka. Umsebenzi weConfucianism ususelwa ekuqondeni okujwayelekile kanye nasekuqalisweni kwesikhundla sobungqabavu bezenhlalo phakathi kwabo bonke ubudlelwano. Ukunamathela esimweni sokuphila somuntu esinqunyiwe kudala indawo evumayo futhi kuvimbele izingxabano.
Inhloso yeConfucianism ukuthola isimo sokuqina noma umusa ophelele, owaziwa ngokuthi yi-ren. Noma ngubani owafinyelela ku-ren uyindoda ebambekayo. Lezi zinkulisa zazizivumelanisa nezindlela ezihle zokuhlelela ubukhosi bezokuxhumana ngokuhumusha amanani amaConfucian ngamazwi nangezenzo. UbuCiko beSithupha kwakuyimisebenzi eyayenziwa yizikhulu ukuwafundisa izifundo ngaphesheya kwezemfundo.
Amaciko ayisithupha yimicikilisho, umculo, ukushaya ngomnsalo, ukuthutha inqola, ukubizwa kwe-calligraphy kanye nemathematics. Lawa maciko ayisithupha agcina eyisisekelo semfundo yamaShayina, okuthi, njengokuningi kakhulu eChina naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, athonywe kakhulu yizindinganiso zamaConfucian.
Lezi zimiso zobuConfucianism zavela ezimpini zikaConfucius. Wazalelwa ezweni elaliseduze kwezinkinga. Kuyiqiniso, ngokushesha nje ngemuva kokushona kwakhe, iChina yayizongena enkathini eyaziwa ngokuthi ama-Warring States, lapho iChina yahlukaniswa futhi yaqubuka iminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-200. UConfucius wakubona lokhu kudideka futhi wazama ukusebenzisa izimfundiso zakhe ukukunqanda ngokubuyisela ukuvumelana.
I-Confucianism iyindlela yokuziphatha elawula ubudlelwane babantu futhi inhloso yayo eyinhloko ukwazi ukuthi kufanele uziphathe kanjani maqondana nabanye. Umuntu ohlonishwayo ufinyelela ekuzisondeleni kobuntu futhi abe ngumuntu ohlobene naye, obazi kakhulu ubukhona babanye abantu. UbuConfucianism kwakungewona umqondo omusha, kepha kunalokho kwakuyindlela yezwe enengqondo eyenziwe ngo-ru ("imfundiso yezazi"), eyaziwa nangokuthi i-ru jia, i-ru jiao noma i-ru xue. Uhlobo lukaConfucius lwalaziwa ngokuthi yiCong jiao (ihlelo likaConfucius).
Ezinhlelweni zayo zokuqala (i-Shang and early Zhou dynasties [1600-770 BC]) babhekise kubadansi nakwabaculi ababedlala emicimbini. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi leli gama likhule lifaka hhayi nje abantu abenze amasiko, kepha amasiko ngokwawo; ekugcineni, i-ru yayihlanganisa ama-shamans kanye nabafundisi bezibalo, umlando, ukubhula ngezinkanyezi. UConfucius nabafundi bakhe bayicacisile kabusha ukukhombisa othisha abangochwepheshe emasikweni asendulo nemibhalo kumasiko, umlando, izinkondlo nomculo. Kwabukhosi bakwaHan, u-ru wayesho isikole kanye nabafundisi baso befilosofi yokufunda nokwenza amasiko, imithetho nemicikilisho yamaConfucianism.
Amakilasi amathathu abafundi nothisha atholakala kuConfucianism (Zhang Binlin):
izazi ezakhonza umbuso
ru othisha ababefundisa ezifundweni zobuciko eziyisithupha
abalandeli bakaConfucius abafunda futhi basakaza ama-classical amaConfucius
Ekufuneni inhliziyo elahlekile
Imfundiso ye-ru jiao "kwakuwukufuna inhliziyo elahlekile": inqubo engapheli yokuguqulwa komuntu siqu kanye nokwenza ngcono umlingiswa. Abasebenza ngokuzikhandla bababheka (iqoqo lemithetho yempahla, amasiko, amasiko kanye nokuhlobisa) futhi bafunda imisebenzi yama-sages, bahlala belandela umthetho wokuthi ukufunda akumele nakancane kuyeke.
Ifilosofi yamaConfucian ihlobanisa izisekelo zokuziphatha, ezepolitiki, ezenkolo, zefilosofi nezemfundo. Igxile ebuhlotsheni obuphakathi kwabantu, obuzwe ngezingcezu zomkhathi weConfucian; isibhakabhaka (Tian) ngenhla, umhlaba (ngezansi) nabantu (ren) phakathi.
Izingxenye ezintathu zomhlaba wamaConfucian
KumaConfucius, izulu limisa izimilo zokuziphatha kubantu futhi linamathonya anamandla okuziphatha kokuziphatha komuntu. Njengomvelo, ipharadesi limelela zonke izinto ezingezona ezabantu, kepha abantu badlala indima enhle ekugcineni ukuthula phakathi kwezulu nomhlaba. Okukhona ezulwini kungafundwa, kubhekwe futhi kuqondwe ngabantu abafunda ngezinto zemvelo, izindaba zenhlalo nemibhalo yasendulo yakudala; noma ngokuzikhombisa kwenhliziyo nengqondo yomuntu.
Amanani wokuziphatha obuConfucianism asho ukuthuthukiswa kwesithunzi somuntu siqu sokubona amandla womuntu, ngokulandelayo:
ren (isintu)
yi (ukuchaneka)
li (isiko nempahla)
cheng (ubuqotho)
xin (iqiniso kanye nobuqotho bakho)
zheng (ukuthembeka kwemvumelwano yenhlalo)
I-xiao (isisekelo somndeni kanye nesimo)
I-zhong yong ("i-golden medium" esetshenziswa ngokujwayelekile)
Ingabe ubuConfucius buyinkolo?
Isihloko sengxoxo mpikiswano phakathi kwezazi zesimanje ukuthi ngabe ubuConfucianism bufanelekile njengenkolo. Abanye bathi akukaze kube yinkolo, abanye bathi bekulokhu kuyinkolo yobuhlakani noma yokuvumelana, inkolo yezwe egxile ezicini zobuntu zokuphila. Abantu bangafeza ukuphelela futhi baphila ngokulandela izimiso zasezulwini, kepha abantu kumele benze konke okusemandleni ukufeza imisebenzi yabo yokuziphatha nokuziphatha, ngaphandle kosizo lwabonkulunkulu.
I-Confucianism ifaka phakathi ukukhulekelwa kokhokho kanye nesimangalo sokuthi abantu benziwe izingcezu ezimbili: i-hun (umoya ovela ezulwini) kanye ne-po (umphefumulo ovela emhlabeni). Lapho umuntu ezalwa, ama-halves amabili ahlangana futhi lapho umuntu efa, ahlukane futhi ashiye umhlaba. Lo mnikelo wenzelwa okhokho abake baphila emhlabeni bedlala umculo (ukukhumbula umoya uvela ezulwini) futhi uthulula futhi uphuza newayini (ukuheha umphefumulo uphume emhlabeni.
Imibhalo kaConfucius
Lo mbhalo ovela ePeople's Republic of China uyingxenye yombhalo wesandla waseTang Dynasty we-Analections of Confucius kaCheng Hsuan, owatholakala ngo-1967 eTurfan, eSinkiang. I-Analections of Confucius kwakuyincwadi ebalulekile yabafundi eChina yasendulo. Lo mbhalo wesandla ukhombisa ukufana kwezinhlelo zemfundo phakathi kweTurfan nezinye izingxenye zeChina. Izithombe zeBetmmann / Getty
UConfucius kuthiwa wabhala noma wahlela imisebenzi eminingana ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, wahlukaniswa ngokuthi Ama-Classics Amahlanu kanye Nezincwadi Ezine. Le mibhalo isukela ezindabeni zomlando kuya ezinkondlweni, izinzwa ezikhuluma ngezinto eziphathelene nobuntu ezinamasiko nemicikilisho. Basebenze njengemgogodla lokuboniswa kwezakhamuzi kanye nohulumeni eChina kusukela kwaphela isikhathi sezimpi ngo-221 BC.