Inkolo Yomhlaba: Ukuhlaziywa kwemibhalo kaBuddha
Ingabe likhona iBhayibheli lobuBuddha? Akunjalo impela. UbuBuddha bunenombolo enkulu yemibhalo, kepha imibhalo embalwa yamukelwa njengeyiqiniso futhi inegunya kunoma isiphi isikole sikaBuddha.
Kunesinye futhi isizathu esenza ukuthi kungabikho Bhayibheli lamaBuddha. Izinkolo eziningi zibheka imibhalo yazo njengezwi elembuliwe likaNkulunkulu noma onkulunkulu. KuBuddha, noma kunjalo, kuyaqondakala ukuthi imibhalo iyizimfundiso zikaBuddha ongumlando - owayengesona unkulunkulu - noma amanye amakhosi akhanyiselwe.
Izimfundiso zemibhalo yobuBuddha ziyizinkomba zokuzijwayeza noma ukuthi ungazizuzisa kanjani. Into ebalulekile ukuthi uqonde futhi usebenzise lokho okufundiswa imibhalo, hhayi ukuthi “uyikholelwe” nje.
Izinhlobo zemibhalo kaBuddha
Imibhalo eminingi ibizwa nge- "sutra" ngesiSanskrit noma "sutta" ku-pali. Igama elithi sutra noma i-sutta lisho "intambo". Igama elithi "sutra" esihlokweni sombhalo libonisa ukuthi umsebenzi uyintshumayelo evela kuBuddha noma omunye wabafundi bakhe abaphambili. Kodwa-ke, njengoba sizokuchaza ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ama-sutras amaningi mhlawumbe aneminye imvelaphi.
Ama-sutras atholakala ngosayizi abaningi. Ezinye zinde, ezinye zilayini ezimbalwa. Akekho umuntu obonakala ethanda ukuqagela ukuthi zingaki ama-sutras lapho bekungaba wonke umuntu ngamunye wohlu ngalunye futhi uqoqwe inqwaba. Kakhulu.
Akuyona yonke imibhalo engama-sutras. Ngaphezu kwama-sutras, kukhona futhi nokuphawula, imithetho yezindela nezindela, izindaba ezinganekwane ngempilo kaBuddha kanye nezinye izinhlobo eziningi zemibhalo futhi ezithathwe ngokuthi "imibhalo".
AmaCanons aseTheravada naseMahayana
Cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezimbili edlule, ubuBuddha bahlukana baba izikole ezimbili ezinkulu, ezibizwa ngokuthi yiTravada neMahayana namuhla. Imibhalo kaBuddha ihlotshaniswa nenye noma enye, ihlukaniswe ngamakhonsathi e-Theravada neMahayana.
Ama-teravadines awacabangi njengombhalo oyi-Mahayana njengeqiniso. AmaBuddha angamaMahayana, uwonke, abheka i-Theravada canon iyiqiniso, kepha kwezinye izikhathi amaBuddha angamaMahayana acabanga ukuthi eminye imibhalo yawo ithathe isikhundla segunya le-Theravada canon. Noma, bashintshela enguqulweni ehlukile kunenguqulo ye-Theravada.
Imibhalo yamaBuddha iTheravada
Imibhalo yesikole seTheravada iqoqwa emsebenzini obizwa ngePali Tipitaka noma uPali Canon. Igama elithi pha Tipitaka lisho "obhasikidi abathathu", okukhombisa ukuthi iTipitaka ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezintathu, futhi ingxenye ngayinye iqoqo lemisebenzi. Lezi zingxenye ezintathu kubhasikidi we-sutra (Sutta-pitaka), ibhasikidi lokuyala (i-Vinaya-pitaka) kanye nebhasikidi lezimfundiso elikhethekile (Abhidhamma-pitaka).
USutta-pitaka noVinaya-pitaka bayizintshumayelo eziqoshwe ku-Buddha zomlando kanye nemithetho ayimisa ngemiyalo yezezimali. I-Abhidhamma-pitaka ngumsebenzi wokuhlaziya nefilosofi okuthiwa wenziwa uBuddha kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi yabhalwa emveni kwamakhulu ambalwa eminyaka ngemuva kweParinirvana yakhe.
AmaTheravadin Pali Tipitika onke alulimi lwe-Pali. Kunezinguqulo zalemibhalo efanayo futhi erekhodwe ngesiSanskrit, yize iningi esinakho lazo kunguhumushi lwesiShayina lwangempela olulahlekile lwesiSanskrit. Le mibhalo yamaSanskrit / Chinese iyingxenye yamanoni aseChinese naseTibetan kaMahayana Buddhism.
Imibhalo Mah Mah Buddhist
Yebo, ukwengeza ukudideka, kunama-canon amabili emibhalo yeMahayana, ebizwa ngokuthi i-canon yaseTibetan ne-canon yesiChina. Kunemibhalo eminingi evela kumakhonsathi amabili futhi eminingi engayenzi. Ngokusobala iTibetan Canon ihlotshaniswa nobuBuddha baseTibet. ICanon Canon inegunya kakhulu e-East Asia - China, Korea, Japan, naseVietnam.
Kukhona inguqulo yeSanskrit / Chinese yaseSutta-pitaka ebizwa nge-Agamas. Lezi zitholakala kuCanon Canon. Kukhona nama-sutras amaningi e-Mahayana angenazo izihlobo e-Theravada. Kukhona izinganekwane nezindaba ezihlobanisa la ma-sutras angamaMahayana neBuddha yomlando, kodwa izazi-mlando zisitshela ukuthi imisebenzi yayibhalwe kakhulu phakathi kwekhulu lokuqala le-1 leminyaka nekhulu lesi-XNUMX leminyaka, kanti eminye yaze yafika kamuva. Ngokwengxenye enkulu, ukubonakala nokubhalwa kwale mibhalo akukaziwa.
Imvelaphi engaqondakali yale misebenzi iphakamisa imibuzo mayelana negunya labo. Njengoba ngishilo, ama-Theravada Buddhist awazinaki ngokuphelele imibhalo yeMahayana. Phakathi kwezikole zikaMahayana Buddhist, ezinye ziyaqhubeka nokuhlobanisa amaSutras angamaMahayana neBuddha yomlando. Abanye bayabona ukuthi le mibhalo yabhalwa ngababhali abangaziwa. Kepha njengoba ukuhlakanipha okukhulu nokubaluleka okungokomoya kwale mibhalo kuye kwabonakala ezizukulwaneni eziningi kangaka, ziyagcinwa futhi zihlonishwe njenge-sutra.
AmaSutras kaMahayana kwakucatshangwa ukuthi abhalwa ekuqaleni ngesiSanskrit, kodwa kaningi kunezinguqulo ezindala kakhulu ezikhona izinguqulo zesiChinese kanti isiSanskrit sokuqala siyalahleka. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izifundiswa zithi izinguqulo zokuqala zamaShayina empeleni ziyizinguqulo zokuqala, futhi ababhali bazo bathi bezihumushe zisuka eSanskrit ukuze zibanikeze igunya elikhudlwana.
Lolu hlu lwama-shatras we-Mahayana aphelele aluphelele kepha lunikeza izincazelo ezimfushane ze-Mahutana sutras ezibaluleke kakhulu.
AmaBuddha angamaMahayana amukela uhlobo oluhlukile lwe-Abhidhamma / Abhidharma olubizwa ngeSarvastivada Abhidharma. Esikhundleni sePali Vinaya, iBudetan Buddhism ngokuvamile ilandela enye inguqulo ebizwa nge-Mulasarvastivada Vinaya kanti enye yonke iMahayana ngokujwayelekile ilandela i-Dharmaguptaka Vinaya. Futhi-ke kukhona imibono, izindaba nezindlela zokwelapha ezingaphezu kokubala.
Izikole eziningi zeMahayana zizinqumela ngokwazo ukuthi yiziphi izingxenye zalo mcebo ezibaluleke kakhulu, futhi izikole eziningi zigcizelela abambalwa kuphela kwama-sutras nokuphawula. Kepha akuhlali kunjalo ngesandla esifanayo. Ngakho-ke cha, ayikho i- "Buddhist Bible".