INirvana nomqondo wenkululeko kuBuddha
Igama elithi nirvana lisakazeke kakhulu kwizikhulumi zesiNgisi kangokuthi incazelo yalo yangempela ivame ukulahleka. Leli gama lamukelwe ukuthi lisho "ubumnandi" noma "ukuthula". INirvana futhi yigama leqembu elidumile lama-grunge band laseMelika, kanye nemikhiqizo eminingi yabathengi, ukusuka kumanzi asemabhodleleni kuya kwiziqholo. Kepha kuyini? Futhi ilingana kanjani neBuddha?
Okushiwo yiNirvana
Ngokwencazelo engokomoya, i-nirvana (noma i-nibbana in)) yigama lesiSanskrit lasendulo elisho okuthile okufana nokuthi "ukucima umlilo", ngesibalo sokucisha ilangabi. Le ncazelo engokoqobo ngokwengeziwe iholele abantu abaningi baseNtshonalanga ukuthi bacabange ukuthi inhloso yobuBuddha ukuzikhipha. Kepha akusikho lokho uBuddha noma i-nirvana nakancane. Inkululeko ifaka ukuqothulwa kwesimo samsara, ukuhlupheka kwe-dukkha; ISamsara imvamisa ichazwa njengomjikelezo wokuzalwa, ukufa nokuzalwa kabusha, yize kubuBuddha lokhu akufani nokuzalwa kabusha kwemiphefumulo edabukisayo, njengoba kunjalo nakubuHindu, kepha kunalokho ukuzalwa kabusha kokuthambekela karmic. INirvana nayo kuthiwa iyakhululwa kulo mjikelezo kanye ne-dukkha, ingcindezi / usizi / ukungeneliseki empilweni.
Entshumayelweni yakhe yokuqala ngemuva kokukhanyiselwa, uBuddha washumayeza amaqiniso amane. Ngokuyisisekelo, amaqiniso achaza ukuthi kungani impilo isicindezela futhi isiphoqa. IBuddha isinikeze nekhambi kanye nendlela yokukhululeka, okuyi-Eightfold Path.
Ngakho-ke, ubuBuddha akuyona neze inqubo yokukholelwa njengomkhuba osivumela ukuthi siyeke ukulwa.
INirvana akuyona indawo
Ngakho-ke, lapho sesikhululiwe, kwenzekani ngokulandelayo? Izikole ezahlukahlukene zobuBuddha ziyaqonda nirvana ngezindlela eziningana, kepha ngokuvamile ziyavuma ukuthi i-nirvana akuyona indawo. Kufana nesimo sobukhona. Kodwa-ke, uBuddha ubuye wathi noma yini esingayisho noma siyicabange nge-nirvana izoba engalungile ngoba ihluke ngokuphelele ebukhoneni bethu obujwayelekile. INirvana ingaphezu kwesikhala, isikhathi nencazelo, futhi ngenxa yalokho ulimi ngokwencazelo alwanele ukuxoxa ngalo. Kungenziwa kuphela.
Imibhalo eminingi kanye nokuphawula okuningi kukhuluma ngokungena kwi-nirvana, kepha (ukukhuluma ngokungqongqo), i-nirvana ayinakufakwa ngendlela efanayo lapho singena egumbini noma ngendlela esingacabanga ukungena ngayo ezulwini. U-Theravadin Thanissaro Bhikkhu uthe:
"... noma i-samsara noma i-nirvana akuyona indawo. ISamsara inqubo yokudala izindawo, wonke umhlaba (lokhu kubizwa ngokuba) bese uzulazula ngabo (lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ukuzalwa). INirvana ukuphela kwale nqubo. "
Vele, izizukulwane eziningi zamaBuddha zicabange ukuthi i-nirvana kwakuyindawo, ngoba ukulinganiselwa kolimi akusiniki enye indlela yokukhuluma ngalesi simo sokuba. Kunenkolelo yakudala edumile yokuthi umuntu kufanele azalwe kabusha njengowesilisa ukuze angene kwi-nirvana. I-Buddha yomlando ayikaze isho noma yini uhlobo, kepha inkolelo ethandwayo ibonakaliswa kwamanye ama-sutras aseMahayana. Lo mbono wenqatshwe kakhulu kwiVimalakirti Sutra, nokho, lapho kwenziwa khona kucace ukuthi bobabili abesifazane kanye nabantu ababekelwayo bangakhanyiselwa futhi babone i-nirvana.
INibbana eTravada Buddhism
I-Theravada Buddhism ichaza izinhlobo ezimbili ze-nirvana, noma i-Nibbana, ngoba iTheravadin ijwayele ukusebenzisa igama elithi Pali. Owokuqala ngu "Nibbana onezinsalela". Lokhu kufaniswa namakhanya ahlala efudumele ngemuva kokuthi amalangabi esephumile futhi achaza isidalwa esiphilayo esikhanyisiwe noma i -arahant. I-arahant isabazi ubumnandi nobuhlungu, kepha ayisaboshelwe kubo.
Uhlobo lwesibili yi-parinibbana, okuyi-nibbana yokugcina noma egcwele "efakiwe" ekufeni. Manje ama-embers ayamnandi. I-Buddha ifundise ukuthi lo mbuso awukho - ngoba okungashiwo ukuthi ukhona kunqunyelwe ngesikhathi nasendaweni - noma okungekho. Le ndida ebonakalayo ikhombisa ubunzima obukhona lapho ulimi olujwayelekile luzama ukuchaza isimo sokuthi aluchazeki.
INirvana eMahayana Buddhism
Enye yezici ezihlukile zeMahayana Buddhism yisifungo se-bodhisattva. AmaBuddha angamaMahayana anikezelwe ekukhanyisweni okwedlula zonke izidalwa futhi ngenxa yalokho bakhetha ukuhlala emhlabeni ukusiza abanye kunokushintshela ekukhanyisweni komuntu ngamunye. Okungenani ezinye izikole zeMahayana, ngoba konke kukhona, "nirvana" eyodwa ayicatshangelwa. Lezi zikole zobuBuddha zikhathalela kakhulu impilo kuleli zwe, hhayi ukulahlwa.
Ezinye izikole zeMahayana Buddhism zifaka nezimfundiso zokuthi ama-samsara ne-nirvana awahlukani. Isidalwa esiqaphele noma esabona ukungabi nalusizo lwento izokwazi ukuthi i-nirvana kanye ne-samsara akuyona into ephikisayo, kepha yande ngokuphelele. Njengoba iqiniso lethu eliyinqophamlando liyindalo kaBuddha, zombili i-nirvana kanye ne-samsara ziyizibonakaliso zemvelo zokucaciswa okungenangqondo kwengqondo yethu, futhi i-nirvana ingabonakala njengobumsulwa bangempela bokuhlanzwa kwe-samsara. Ukuthola eminye imininingwane kuleli phuzu, bheka futhi i- "The Heart Sutra" kanye "Amaqiniso Amabili".