UMTHANDAZO KU-SANT 'AGOSTINO wokucela umusa

Da UPaolo Tescione - Agasti 28, 2016

Ngaleyonduduzo enempilo wena, o oNgcwele oNgcwele okhazimulayo, oyilethe kulo ngcwele
UMonica unyoko kanye neBandla lonke, lapho uphiliswa ngesibonelo
weVittorino waseRoma futhi kusukela esidlangalaleni manje, manje izinkulumo zangasese zikaBishop omkhulu
UMilan, uSt. Ambrose, noSt. Simplician no-Alipio, ekugcineni banquma ukuguqula,
Senzele sonke umusa wokuqhubeka nokusebenzisa izibonelo nezeluleko
ubuhle, ukuze silethe ezulwini injabulo enkulu ngempilo yethu yesikhathi esizayo njengoba nayo
kosizi esidale nalo ngamaphutha amaningi empilo yethu edlule
Gloria

Thina esalandela ukuzulazula u-Augustine kumele simlandele aphenduke. Deh! ukuthi
Isibonelo sakhe usiholela ekutheni sifune intethelelo futhi sinqume yonke imizwa ebangela lokho
ukwehla kwethu.
Gloria

U-Agostino d'Ippona (ukuhunyushwa kwesi-Latin kwe-Latin Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis) wobuzwe bamaBerber, kodwa owamasiko amaHellenistic-Roman ngokuphelele, wazalelwa eTagaste (njengamanje iSouk-Ahras e-Algeria, etholakala cishe ngamakhilomitha ayikhulu eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeHippo) ngomhlaka 100 UNovemba 13 ovela emndenini osezingeni eliphakathi labalimi abancane. Ubaba uPatrizio wayengumhedeni, kanti umama uMonica (bheka umhlaka 354 Agasti), okwakungu-Augustine izibulo lakhe, esikhundleni salokho wayengumKrestu; nguyena owamnika imfundo yenkolo kodwa ngaphandle kokumbhaphathiza, njengenjwayelo ngaleso sikhathi, efuna ukulinda iminyaka evuthiwe.

U-Augustine wayenobuntwana obumnandi kakhulu, kepha izono zeqiniso zaqala kamuva. Ngemuva kwezifundo zakhe zokuqala eTagaste naseMadaura eseduze, waya eCarthage ngo-371, esizwa yinkosi yendawo ecebile egama linguRomaniano. Wayeneminyaka engu-16 ubudala futhi waphila ebusheni bakhe ngendlela ejabulisa kakhulu futhi, ngenkathi efunda isikole sezingxoxo, waqala ukuhlala nentombazane yaseCarthage, nayo eyamnika, ngo-372, indodana, u-Adeodato. Kwakunaleyo minyaka lapho umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala njengesazi sefilosofi wakhula, ngenxa yokufunda incwadi kaCicero, "Ortensio", eyayimthinte kakhulu, ngoba umbhali waseLatin wathi ifilosofi kuphela eyasiza intando ukuba isuke okubi nokusebenzisa ubuhle.
Ngeshwa-ke, ukufundwa kweMibhalo Engcwele akuzange kusho lutho emqondweni wakhe wokukholelwa enkolweni futhi inkolo eyashiwo ngunina yabonakala kuye "njengenkolelo-ze yobuntwana", ngakho-ke wafuna iqiniso kwiManichaeism. (IManichaeism kwakuyinkolo yaseMpumalanga eyasungulwa ngekhulu lesithathu AD nguMani, eyayihlanganisa izinto zobuKrestu nenkolo yeZoroaster; umgomo wayo oyisisekelo kwakuwukuphindelela, okungukuthi, ukuphikiswa okuqhubekayo kwezimiso ezimbili zaphezulu ngokulinganayo, eyodwa enhle enye embi, okubusa umhlaba kanye nomphefumulo womuntu).
Ngemuva kokuphothula izifundo zakhe, wabuyela eTagaste ngo-374, lapho, ngosizo lomsizi wakhe waseRomania, wavula isikole sohlelo lolimi nokukhuluma. Wabuye wamukelwa ekhaya lakhe nawo wonke umndeni, ngoba umama wakhe uMonica, engahambisani nezinkolelo zakhe, wayekhethe ukuhlukana no-Augustine; Kamuva nje wamphindisela endlini yakhe, esephuphe kusengaphambili ngokubuyela kwakhe enkolweni yobuKristu.
Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili ngo-376, uthathe isinqumo sokushiya idolobhana elincane laseTagaste abuyele eCarthage futhi, ngosizo lomngani wakhe waseRomaniano, ayemguqukele eManichaeism, wavula nesikole lapha, lapho afundisa khona iminyaka eyisikhombisa, ngeshwa. nabafundi abangaqeqeshiwe kahle.
U-Augustine, nokho, phakathi kwamaManichean akakaze ayithole impendulo eqinisekile ngesifiso sakhe seqiniso futhi ngemuva komhlangano nombhishobhi wabo, uFausto, owenzeka ngo-382 eCarthage, okwakumele aqede konke ukungabaza, waphuma engaqiniseki ngakho-ke wathatha suka eManichaeism. Ukulangazelela okuhlangenwe nakho okusha futhi ekhathele ukungahloniphi kwabafundi baseCarthage, u-Augustine, emelana nemikhuleko kanina amthandayo, owayefuna ukumgcina e-Afrika, wanquma ukuthuthela eRoma, inhloko-dolobha yombuso, nomndeni wakhe wonke.
Ngo-384 wakwazi ukuthola, ngokuxhaswa ngumphathi waseRoma, uQuinto Aurelio Simmaco, usihlalo ongenamuntu wokukhuluma eMilan, lapho athuthela khona, wafinyelela ku-385, kungalindelekile, ngunina uMonica, owazi ngomsebenzi wangaphakathi wendodana yakhe , wayeseceleni kwakhe ngomkhuleko nezinyembezi ngaphandle kokuphoqa noma yini, kepha njengengelosi evikelayo.

Ngasekuqaleni kweLente ka-387, eno-Adeodato no-Alipio, wathatha indawo yakhe phakathi “kwalabo ababenekhono” lokubhabhadiswa ngu-Ambrose ngosuku lwePhasika. U-Agostino wahlala eMilan kwaze kwaba ekwindla, eqhubeka nemisebenzi yakhe: "De immortalitate animae noDe musica". Kwathi-ke lapho esezongena e-Ostia, uMonica wanikela ngomphefumulo wakhe kuNkulunkulu.U-Augustine wabe esehlala izinyanga eziningi eRoma ebhekana kakhulu nokuphikiswa kweManichaeism nokujulisa ulwazi lwakhe lwezindela namasiko eSonto.

Ngo-388 wabuyela eTagaste, lapho athengisa khona izimpahla zakhe ezimbalwa, wabela abampofu imali ayitholile futhi, esethathe umhlalaphansi nabanye abangane nabafundi, wasungula umphakathi omncane, lapho izimpahla zazingezabantu bonke. Kepha ngemuva kwesikhashana ukuminyana njalo kwezakhamizi, ukucela iseluleko nosizo, kuphazamise ukukhumbula okudingekayo, kwakudingeka ukuthola enye indawo futhi u-Augustine wamfuna ngaseHippo. Wazithola ethula ithuba esontweni lendawo, lapho uMbhishobhi uValerio ayephakamisa khona abathembekile ukuba bangcwelise umpristi ongamsiza, ikakhulukazi ekushumayeleni; beqaphela ukuba khona kwakhe, abathembekile baqala ukumemeza: "Umpristi ka-Augustine!". Ngaleso sikhathi inani elikhulu lanikezwa intando yabantu, kubhekwa intando kaNkulunkulu futhi naphezu kokuthi wazama ukwenqaba, ngoba le kwakungeyona indlela ayifunayo, u-Augustine waphoqeleka ukuyamukela. Idolobha laseHippo lazuza okuningi, umsebenzi wakhe wawuthela kakhulu; okokuqala wacela umbhishobhi ukuba adlulisele isigodlo sakhe eHippo, ukuze aqhubeke nokukhetha kwakhe impilo, okwathi kamuva kwaba ngumthombo wabafundisi besonto nababhishobhi base-Afrika.

Isinyathelo sika-Augustinian sabeka izisekelo zokuvuselelwa kwamasiko abefundisi. Wabuye wabhala umthetho, owabe usamukelwa yi-Community of Regular or Augustinian Canons ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX.
Umbhishobhi uValerio, esaba ukuthi u-Augustine uzothuthelwa kwenye indawo, waqinisekisa abantu kanye nenani likaNumidia, uMegalio di Calama, ukuthi bamngcwelise njengombhishobhi omkhulu weHippo. Ngo-397, ngemuva kokushona kukaValerio, wamlandela waba ngumnikazi. Kwakufanele ashiye isigodlo sezindela enze umsebenzi wakhe onamandla wokuba ngumelusi wemiphefumulo, okuyinto ayenza kahle kakhulu, kangangokuba igama lakhe njengombhishobhi okhanyisiwe lasakazeka kuwo wonke amaSonto ase-Afrika.

Ngasikhathi sinye wabhala imisebenzi yakhe: uSt. Augustine wayengomunye wabahlakaniphe kakhulu esake saziwa isintu. Akadunyiswa kuphela ngenani lemisebenzi yakhe, efaka umlando wobuntu, wefilosofi, wokuxolisa, wokuqina, wokuziphatha, wokuloba, amaqoqo ezinhlamvu, izintshumayelo kanye nezinkondlo (ezibhalwe kumamethrikhi angewona awakudala, kepha kugcizelela, lula ukubamba ngekhanda ngabantu abangafundile), kodwa futhi nokuhlukahluka kwezihloko ezihlanganisa lonke ulwazi lomuntu. Indlela ahlongoze ngayo umsebenzi wakhe isakhanga kakhulu kumfundi namuhla.
Umsebenzi wakhe odume kakhulu yiConfessiones (The Confessions). Izinhlobo eziningi zempilo yezenkolo zimbhekisa kuye, kufaka phakathi i-Order of St. Augustine (OSA), ebizwa ngama-Augustinians: isabalale umhlaba wonke, kanye nama-Discalced Augustinians (OAD) kanye nama-Augustinian Recollects (OAR), akha eSontweni LamaKatolika ifa eliyinhloko likasanta weHippo, ogama lakhe lokuPhatha liphefumulelwe ngamanye amabandla amaningi, ngaphezu kweCanon Regular kaSt Augustine.
"Ukuvuma izono noma ukuvuma" (cishe 400) yindaba yenhliziyo yakhe. Umnyombo womcabango ka-Augustinian okhona ku- "Confessions" ulele emcabangweni wokuthi umuntu akakwazi ukuziqondisa yedwa: kuphela ngokukhanyiselwa kukaNkulunkulu, okumele amthobele kuzo zonke izimo, umuntu uzokwazi ukuthola ukuma impilo yakhe. Igama elithi "ukuvuma izono" liqondwa ngomqondo weBhayibheli (confiteri), hhayi njengokuvuma icala noma indaba, kepha njengomthandazo womphefumulo obabaza isenzo sikaNkulunkulu ngaphakathi. Kuyo yonke imisebenzi kaSanta, ayikho eye yafundwa futhi yathandwa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke. Ayikho incwadi emibhalweni yonke efana nayo ekuhlaziyweni okujulile kokuvela okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu komphefumulo, kwemizwa yokuxhumana, noma ekujuleni kwemibono yefilosofi.

Ngo-429 wagula kakhulu, ngenkathi uMvubu esevinjezelwe izinyanga ezintathu yiVandals eyayilawulwa nguGenseric († 477), ngemuva kokuba belethe ukufa nokubhujiswa yonke indawo; umbhishobhi ongcwele wayenombono wokuphela komhlaba okuseduze; ushone ngomhlaka 28 Agasti 430 eneminyaka engama-76. Isidumbu sakhe esantshontshwa kwaVandals ngesikhathi kusha futhi kubhujiswa iHippo, sabe sesihanjiswa eCagliari nguMbhishobhi Fulgenzio di Ruspe, cishe ngo-508-517 cc, kanye nezinsalela zabanye ababhishobhi base-Afrika.
Cishe ngo-725 isidumbu sakhe saphinde sadluliselwa ePavia, eSontweni likaS. Pietro eCiel d'Oro, budebuduze nezindawo zokuguqulwa kwakhe, yinkosi yaseLombard eyayingcwele uLiutprando († 744), owayeseyihlengile. ngamaSaracens aseSardinia.