Yiluphi ulimi lokuqala lwebhayibheli?

Umbhalo waqala ngolimi oludala kakhulu futhi wagcina ngolimi olwaziwa kakhulu kunolwesiNgisi.

Umlando wezilimi ezisebhayibhelini ubandakanya izilimi ezintathu: isiHeberu, isiKoine noma isiGreki esivamile nesiAramaic. Ngaphezu kwamakhulu eminyaka lapho iTestamente Elidala laqanjwa, nokho, isiHeberu savela sazofaka izici ezazenza ukufunda nokubhala kube lula.

UMose wahlala phansi ukuba abhale amagama okuqala e-Pentateuch, ngonyaka we-1400 BC Kwadlula iminyaka engama-3.000 kuphela, ngo-1500 AD, lapho lonke iBhayibheli lahunyushelwa esiNgisini, okwenza lo mbhalo waba enye yezincwadi ezindala kakhulu ezazikhona. Naphezu kweminyaka yayo, amaKristu abheka iBhayibheli ngesikhathi futhi lifanelekile ngoba iliZwi likaNkulunkulu eliphefumulelwe.

IsiHeberu: Ulimi lweTestamente Elidala
IsiHeberu siseqenjini lolimi lwamaSemite, umndeni wezilimi zasendulo kwiFertile Crescent ehlanganisa isi-Akkadian, isiyelelisi sikaNimrod kuGenesise 10; Isi-Ugaritic, ulimi lwamaKhanani; nesiAramaic, esivame ukusetshenziswa embusweni wasePheresiya.

IsiHeberu sasibhalwa kusukela kwesobunxele siye kwesobunxele futhi sakhiwa amakhonsathi angama-22. Ngendlela yokuqala, zonke izinhlamvu zahlangana ndawonye. Ngemuva kwalokho, kwenezelwa ngokuphelele ukuma kwezimpawu zokubiza kanye nokubiza amagama ukuze kwenziwe lula ukufundwa. Njengoba ulimi luqhubeka, kwafakwa onkamisa ukucacisa amagama ayesevele engundabamlonyeni.

Ukwakhiwa komusho wesiHeberu kungabeka isenzo kuqala, kulandele isibizo noma isabizwana nezinto. Ngoba leli oda lamagama lehluke kakhulu, umusho wesiHeberu awunakuhunyushwa igama negama liye esiNgisini. Enye inkinga ukuthi igama lesiHeberu lingangena esikhundleni sebinzana elalisetshenziswa, obekumele lwaziwe ngumfundi.

Izindimi eziningana zesiHeberu ziye zangenisa amagama angaphandle kulo mbhalo. Isibonelo, uGenesise uqukethe ezinye izinkulumo zaseGibhithe ngenkathi uJoshua, abaHluleli noRuthe befaka amagama aseKhanani. Ezinye zezincwadi zesiprofetho zisebenzisa amagama aseBabiloni, athonywe ekudingisweni.

Ukudlulela phambili ngokucacile kwafika ngokuqedwa kweSeptuagint, inguqulo ka-200 BC yeBhayibheli lesiHeberu elihunyushelwa esiGrekini. Lo msebenzi ubandakanya nezincwadi ezingama-39 zohlu lweTestamente Elidala nezincwadi ezithile ezabhalwa emva kukaMalaki naphambi kweTestamente eNtsha. Njengoba amaJuda ayehlakazekile evela kwa-Israyeli iminyaka edlule, akhohlwa ukuthi angasifunda kanjani isiHeberu kodwa ayekwazi ukufunda isiGreki, ulimi oluvamile losuku.

AmaGrikhi avula abeTestamente eNtsha abeZizwe
Lapho ababhali bebhayibheli beqala ukubhala amaVangeli nezincwadi, bashiya isiHeberu futhi baphendukela olimini oludumile lwesikhathi sabo, i-koine noma isiGreki esivamile. IsiGrikhi kwakuwulimi oluhlangene, lwaludlangile lapho kunqotshwa u-Alexander the Great, isifiso sakhe sasiwukuthi uHellenize noma asakaze isiko lamaGrikhi emhlabeni wonke. Ubukhosi buka-Alexander babuhlanganisa iMedithera, iNyakatho Afrika kanye nezingxenye zaseNdiya, ngakho ukusetshenziswa kwesiGrikhi kwaba phambili.

NgesiGrikhi kwakulula ukukhuluma nokubhala kunesiHeberu ngoba sisebenzisa i-alfabhethi ephelele, kufaka onkamisa. Futhi yayinolwazimagama ocebile, olwaluvumela imiqondo eqondile yencazelo. Isibonelo esisodwa amagama amane ahlukene esiGreki asetshenziswa eBhayibhelini.

Enye inzuzo ukuthi iGrikhi yavula iTestamente eNtsha kwabeZizwe noma ababengewona amaJuda. Lokhu kwakubaluleke kakhulu ekushumayeleni ivangeli ngoba amaGrikhi avumela abeZizwe ukuba bazifundele futhi baziqonde amaVangeli nezincwadi.

I-Aramaic Flavor yanezela eBhayibhelini
Yize bekungeyona ingxenye ebalulekile yokubhalwa kweBhayibheli, isi-Aramu sasetshenziswa ezingxenyeni eziningana zemiBhalo. I-Aramaic yayivame ukusetshenziswa embusweni wasePheresiya; ngemuva kokudingiswa, amaJuda abuyisa i-Aramaic ku-Israyeli, lapho kwaba lulimi oludumile kakhulu.

I-Hebrew Bible yahunyushelwa olimini lwesiAramiki, olubizwa ngeTargum, esikhathini sesibili sethempeli, esusela ku-500 BC kuya ku-AD 70. Le nguqulo yafundwa emasinagogeni futhi isetshenziselwa imfundo.

Amavesi wasebhayibhelini avele ngesiAramiki nguDaniel 2-7; U-Ezra 4-7; noJeremiya 10:11. Amagama esi-Aramu nawo aqoshwa eTestamenteni elisha:

UTalitha qumi (“Intombazane noma ingane, vuka!”) Marku 5:41
U-Ephphatha ("Vula") UMarku 7:34
Eli, Eli, lema sebaqtani (ukukhala kukaJesu esiphambanweni: "Nkulunkulu wami, Nkulunkulu wami, ungishiyelani na?") Marku 15: 34, UMathewu 27: 46
Abba (“Baba”) KwabaseRoma 8:15; Galathiya 4: 6
UMaranatha (“Nkosi, woza!”) 1 KwabaseKhorinte 16:22
Ukuhunyushwa kusiNgisi
Ngethonya loMbuso WaseRoma, isonto lokuqala lamukela isiLatini njengolimi lwalo olusemthethweni. Ngo-382 AD, uPapa Damus I wathuma uJerome ukuthi akhiqize iBhayibheli lesiLatini. Kusebenza esigodlweni sezindela eBetlehema, wahumusha iTestamente Elidala ngokuqondile elivela esiHeberu okokuqala, wehlisa amathuba okuba kube namaphutha uma esebenzisa iSeptuagint. Lonke iBhayibheli likaJerome, elibizwa i-Vulgate ngoba lisebenzisa inkulumo evamile yesikhathi, laphuma ngabo-AD 402.

IVulgate bekungumbhalo osemthethweni cishe iminyaka eyinkulungwane, kepha lawo maBhayibheli ayekopishwa ngesandla futhi ebiza kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iningi labantu abavamile alikwazanga ukufunda isiLatini. I-English yokuqala ephelele yanyatheliswa uJohn Wycliffe ngonyaka ka 1.000, ikakhulukazi isuselwa kwiVulgate njengomthombo. Lokhu kwalandelwa yinguqulo kaTyndale ngo-1382 neyikaCoverdale ngo-1535. INguquko yaholela ekuhumusheni okuningi, ngesiNgisi nezinye izilimi zasendaweni.

Izinguqulo zesiNgisi ezisetshenziswayo namuhla zifaka uhlobo lweKing James, 1611; I-American Standard Version, 1901; Revised Standard Version, 1952; Living Bible, 1972; Uhlobo olusha lwamazwe omhlaba, ngo-1973; Uhlobo lwesiNgisi sanamuhla (iGood News Bible), 1976; New King James Version, 1982; kanye nesiNgisi standard, 2001.