Ayini amandla amakhulu we-4?

Izimfanelo ezinhle ziyizici ezine eziyinhloko zokuziphatha. Igama lesiNgisi elithi cardinal livela kwelesiLatini elithi cardo, elisho "ihinge". Zonke ezinye izimfanelo ezinhle zincike kulokhu okune: ubuhlakani, ubulungisa, amandla kanye nokuzithiba.

UPlato waqala ukuxoxa ngezimfanelo ezinhle eRiphabhulikhi, futhi bangena emfundisweni yobuKristu ngomfundi kaPlato u-Aristotle. Ngokungafani nezimfanelo zemfundiso yenkolo, okuyizipho zikaNkulunkulu ngomusa, izimfanelo ezine eziyinhloko zingenziwa yinoma ubani; ngakho-ke, zimelela isisekelo sokuziphatha okungokwemvelo.

I-Prudence: ubuhle bokuqala bekhadinali

U-St. Thomas Aquinas uhlukanise ubuhlakani njengobuhle bokuqala obubalulekile ngoba buphathelene nobuhlakani. U-Aristotle uchaze ubuhlakani ngokuthi i-recta ratio agibilium, "isizathu esifanele esisetshenziswa ekusebenzeni". Kungubuhle obusivumela ukuba sahlulele kahle ukuthi yini elungile nokuthi yini engalungile esimweni esithile. Uma sihlanganisa okubi nokuhle, asisebenzisi ubuhlakani - empeleni, sibonisa ukuntula kwethu.

Ngenxa yokuthi kulula kakhulu ukuwela emaphutheni, ukuhlakanipha kudinga ukuba sifune iseluleko kwabanye, ikakhulukazi labo esibazi njengabahluleli abanengqondo bokuziphatha. Ukungazinaki iseluleko noma izixwayiso zabanye abakwahlulela kwabo okungahambisani nesethu kuwuphawu lokudelela.

Ubulungiswa: ubuhle besibili bekhadinali

UBulungiswa, ngokusho kukaSt. Thomas, bubuhle besibili bukakhadinali, ngoba buthinta intando. Njengoba p. Esichazamazwini sakhe sanamuhla samaKatolika, uJohn A. Hardon uyaphawula, “ukuzimisela okungaguquki nokuhlala njalo okunikeza wonke umuntu ilungelo elimfanele. Sithi “ubulungiswa buyimpumputhe”, ngoba akufanele kube nandaba ukuthi sicabangani ngomuntu othile. Uma simkweleta, kumelwe sikukhokhele lokho kanye esikukweletayo.

Ubulungiswa buxhumene nomqondo wamalungelo. Nakuba sivame ukusebenzisa ubulungisa ngomqondo ongemuhle (“Wathola okwakumfanele”), ubulungisa ngomqondo ofanelekile buhle. Ukungabi nabulungisa kwenzeka lapho njengabantu ngabanye noma ngokomthetho siphuca othile okumfanele. Amalungelo omthetho awasoze adlula awemvelo.

Inqaba

I-cardinal virtue yesithathu, ngokusho kukaSt. Thomas Aquinas, iyinqaba. Nakuba lobu buhle ngokuvamile bubizwa ngokuthi isibindi, buhlukile kulokho esikholelwa ukuthi isibindi namuhla. Ukuqina kusivumela ukuba sinqobe ukwesaba futhi sihlale siqinile entandweni yethu lapho sibhekene nezithiyo, kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi kunengqondo futhi kunengqondo; umuntu osebenzisa inqaba akayifuni ingozi ngenxa yengozi. Ubuhlakani kanye nobulungiswa yizinto ezinhle esinquma ngazo ukuthi yini okufanele yenziwe; inqaba isinika amandla okwenza lokho.

I-Fortitude yiyona kuphela yezimfanelo ezinhle eziyisipho sikaMoya oNgcwele, osivumela ukuba siphakame ngaphezu kokwesaba kwethu kwemvelo ekuvikeleni ukholo lobuKristu.

Ukuzithiba: ubuhle besine bekhadinali

U-Temperance, u-St. Thomas wamemezela, ungowesine kanye nowokugcina ukulunga kwekhadinali. Nakuba inqaba iphathelene nokulinganisela kokwesaba ukuze sikwazi ukwenza okuthile, ukuzithiba kuwukulinganisela kwezifiso noma izinkanuko zethu. Ukudla, okuphuzwayo, kanye nocansi konke kuyadingeka ukuze siphile, ngabanye nanjengezinhlobo zezilwane; nokho, isifiso esingahlelekile senye yalezi zimpahla singaba nemiphumela eyinhlekelele, kokubili ngokomzimba nangokokuziphatha.

Ukuthobeka kuwubuhle obuzama ukusivimbela ukuba singeqi futhi, kanjalo, kudinga ibhalansi yezimpahla ezisemthethweni ngokumelene nesifiso sethu eseqile ngazo. Ukusebenzisa kwethu ngokusemthethweni lezo zimpahla kungase kwehluke ngezikhathi ezahlukene; ukuzethemba "kuyizindlela zegolide" ezisisiza ukuba sinqume izinga esingenza ngalo izifiso zethu.