Izizathu ezine zokuthi kungani ngicabanga ukuthi uJesu wayekhona ngempela
Idlanzana lezazi namuhla kanye neqembu elikhudlwana labakhulumela i-Inthanethi bathi uJesu akazange abekhona. Abaxhasi balesi sikhundla, esaziwa ngokuthi inganekwane, bathi uJesu ungumuntu wasenganekwaneni owasungulwa abalobi beTestamente eNtsha (noma abakopishi bakhe kamuva). Kulesi sikhundla ngizonikeza izizathu ezine eziphambili (kusuka kwababuthakathaka kuya kwabanamandla) ezokwenza ungikholwe ukuthi uJesu waseNazaretha wayengumuntu wangempela ngaphandle kokuthembela ezindabeni zeVangeli zempilo yakhe.
Kuyisikhundla esikhulu emhlabeni wezemfundo.
Ngiyavuma ukuthi lesi yisizathu esibuthakathaka kunazo zonke zezizathu zami ezine, kodwa ngikubeka kuhlu ukukhombisa ukuthi akukho mpikiswano engathi sína phakathi kwabafundi abaningi ezindaweni ezihlobene nombuzo wobukhona bukaJesu. UJohn Dominic Crossan, owasungula leli USeminar ongaqiniseki, uyaphika ukuthi uJesu wavuka kwabafileyo kodwa uyaqiniseka ukuthi uJesu wayengumuntu omlando. Uyabhala: "Ukuthi [uJesu] wabethelwa esiphambanweni uqinisekile njengoba kwenzeka kunoma yimuphi umlando" (Jesus: A Revolutionary Biography, k. 145). UBart Ehrman ungumuntu ongakholelwa kuNkulunkulu futhi osobala ekunqabeni kwakhe izinganekwane. U-Ehrman ufundisa e-University of North Carolina futhi uthathwa kabanzi njengesazi semibhalo yeTestamente eNtsha. Uyabhala: "Umbono wokuthi uJesu wake waba khona usekelwa yizo cishe zonke izazi emhlabeni" (ingabe uJesu wayekhona?, K. 4).
Ukuba khona kukaJesu kuqinisekiswa yimithombo engaphezulu kwebhayibheli.
Isazi-mlando esingumJuda sekhulu lokuqala uJosephus sikhuluma ngoJesu kabili.Isethenjwa esifushane kakhulu sisezincwadini ezingama-20 zobudala bakhe bamaJuda futhi sichaza ukukhandwa ngamatshe kwabaphula umthetho ngo-AD 62. Omunye wezigebengu uchazwa ngokuthi "umfowabo kaJesu, wabizwa ngokuthi nguKhristu, ogama lakhe lalinguJakobe ”. Okwenza le ndima ibe yiqiniso ukuthi ayinazo amagama wobuKristu anjengokuthi "iNkosi", ayahambelana nomongo walesi sigaba samandulo, futhi indima itholakala kulo lonke ikhophi lombhalo wesandla we-Antiquities.
Ngokusho kwesazi seTestamente eNtsha uRobert Van Voorst encwadini yakhe ethi Jesus Outside the New Testament, “Iningi lezazi zithi amagama athi 'umfowabo kaJesu, owabizwa ngoKhristu', ayiqiniso, njengoba kunjalo nangawo wonke umongo kutholakala ukutholakala ”(k. 83).
Isigaba eside kunazo zonke eNcwadini 18 sibizwa ngokuthi yiTestimonium Flavianum. Izazi zihlukaniswe kule ndima ngoba, ngenkathi kukhulunywa ngoJesu, iqukethe imisho ecishe yafakwa ngabakopishi abangamaKristu. Lokhu kufaka imishwana engeke isetshenziswe ngumJuda onjengoJosephus, lapho ethi ngoJesu: "KwakunguKristu" noma "wabonakala futhi ephila ngosuku lwesithathu."
Izinganekwane zithi yonke le ndima ingumqambimanga ngoba ingaphandle komongo futhi iphazamisa ukulandisa kwangaphambili kweGiuseppe Flavio. Kepha lo mbono ushaya indiva iqiniso lokuthi ababhali ezweni lakudala bebengasebenzisi imibhalo yaphansi futhi imvamisa bazulazula ngezihloko ezingahambelani emibhalweni yabo. Ngokusho kwesazi seTestamente eNtsha uJames DG Dunn, le ndima ibingaphansi kokubhalwa kobuKristu, kepha futhi kukhona amagama amaKhristu awasoze awasebenzisa uJesu. Lokhu kufaka ukubiza uJesu ngokuthi "indoda ehlakaniphile" noma azibize njengomuntu "I-Tribe", okuwubufakazi obucacile bokuthi uJosephus ekuqaleni wabhala into efana nale elandelayo:
Ngaleso sikhashana uJesu wabonakala, eyindoda ehlakaniphile. Ngoba wenza izinto ezimangazayo, umfundisi wabantu abathola iqiniso ngentokozo. Futhi ithole okulandelayo kumaJuda amaningi nakubantu abaningi bendabuko yamaGrikhi. Futhi lapho uPilatu, ngenxa yokumangalelwa kwabaholi phakathi kwethu, emgweba esiphambanweni, labo ababemthanda ngaphambili abayekanga ukwenza kanjalo. Kuze kube namuhla isizwe samaKristu (esaziwa ngegama lakhe) asikaphumi. (Wakhumbula uJesu, k. 141).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, isazi-mlando esingumRoma uTacitus siqopha kwi-Annals yakhe ukuthi, ngemuva komlilo omkhulu waseRoma, umbusi uNero wathi leli qembu labantu elidelelekile elibizwa ngamaKristu. Ngaleyo ndlela uTacitus ukhomba leli qembu: "UChristus, umsunguli waleli gama, wabulawa nguPontius Pilatu, umbusi waseJudiya ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaTiberius." UBart D. Ehrman ubhala athi, "Umbiko kaTacitus uqinisekisa esikwaziyo kweminye imithombo, ukuthi uJesu wabulawa ngomyalo wombusi waseRoma waseJudiya, uPontius Pilatu, ngesinye isikhathi ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaTiberius" (The New Testament: Umlando ukwethulwa imibhalo yobuKristu bokuqala, 212).
Obaba beBandla lakuqala abachazi ubuqili.
Labo abaphika ubukhona bukaJesu bavame ukuthi amaKhristu akuqala ayekholelwa ukuthi uJesu wayengumfanekiso womsindisi we-cosmic owayedlulisela kumakholwa ngemibono. Kamuva amaKhristu abese engeza imininingwane ye-apocryphal yempilo kaJesu (njengokubulawa kwakhe ngaphansi kukaPontius Pilatu) ukuze amsuse ePalestine yekhulu lokuqala. Uma inkolelo-mbumbulu iyiqiniso, khona-ke ngandlela thile emlandweni wobuKristu bekungeke kube nokuqhekeka noma ukuvukela kwangempela phakathi kwabaguquki abasha abakholelwa kuJesu weqiniso nombono wokusungulwa kwe- "or Orthodox" wokuthi uJesu akakaze wayekhona.
Into emangazayo ngale mbono ukuthi obaba besonto bokuqala abanjengoIrenaeus bathanda ukuqeda ukuhlubuka. Babhale imibhalo emikhulu igxeka abahlubuki kepha nokho emibhalweni yabo yonke, ukuhluka ukuthi uJesu akeke waba khona akukaze kushiwo. Eqinisweni, akekho umuntu kuwo wonke umlando wobuKristu (ngisho nabagxeki bokuqala abangamaqaba onjengoCelsus noma uLuciano) owasekela ngokuqinile uJesu wasenganekwaneni kuze kube ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili.
Ezinye izinkolo, ezinjengama-Gnosticism noma amaDonatism, zazinjenge-protuberance yenkani ekhaphethini. Ungabaqeda endaweni eyodwa kuphela ukuze ubenze baphinde babonakale emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva, kodwa "inganekwane" yasenganekwaneni ayitholakali eSontweni lokuqala. Manje yini okungenzeka: ukuthi iSonto lokuqala lazingela futhi labhubhisa wonke amalungu obuKristu bezinganekwane ukuze kunqandwe ukusakazeka kokuhlubuka futhi kube lula ukuthi alibhale ngakho, noma ukuthi amaKristu okuqala ayengeyona inganekwane ngakho-ke kwakungekho Ingabe kwakungeyona into ukuthi oFata beSonto babakhankasele? (Abanye izinganekwane zithi inkolelo-mbumbulu ye-docetism ifaka uJesu wasenganekwaneni, kodwa angisitholi lesi sitatimende sikholisa. Bona lokhu okuthunyelwe kubhulogi ukuphikisa kahle lowo mbono.)
USanta oNgcwele wayebazi abafundi bakaJesu.
Cishe zonke izinganekwane ziyavuma ukuthi uSt. Paul wayengumuntu wangempela, ngoba sinezinhlamvu zakhe. KwabaseGalathiya 1: 18-19, uPawulu uchaza umhlangano wakhe siqu noPetru noJakobe, "umfowethu weNkosi". Impela uma uJesu ebengumlingiswa ongaqageli, esinye sezihlobo zakhe ngabe sazi lokho (qaphela ukuthi ngesiGreki igama elithi umfowethu lingasho nesihlobo). Izinganekwane zinikeza izincazelo eziningana zale ndima uRobert Price ayithatha njengengxenye yalokho akubiza ngokuthi "Umbango onamandla kakhulu ophikisana nombono kaKristu-Myth." (The Christ Myth Theory kanye Nezinkinga Zakho, kk. 333).
U-Earl Doherty, oyinganekwane, uthi isihloko sikaJames cishe sasibhekise eqenjini lezindela lamaJuda elalikhona ngaphambili elalizibiza ngokuthi “abafowethu beNkosi” okungenzeka ukuthi uJakobe wayengumholi (uJesu: Noma uNkulunkulu noma uMuntu, k. 61) . Kepha asinabo ubufakazi bokuthi iqembu elifanayo lalikhona eJerusalema ngaleso sikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uPawulu ugxeka abaseKorinte ngokuvuma ukuthembeka kumuntu othile, ngisho noKristu, futhi ngenxa yalokho wakhe ukwahlukana phakathi kweBandla (1 kwabaseKorinte 1: 11-13). Akunakwenzeka ukuthi uPaul angadumisa uJames ngokuba yilungu leqembu elihlukanisayo elinjalo (uPaul Eddy noGregory Boyd, The Jesus Legend, k. 206).
UPrice uthi isihloko kungenzeka sibhekisele ekulingiseni kukaJakobe ngokomoya kukaKristu. Unxenxa umuntu waseShayina wekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye ozibiza ngokuthi "umfowethu omncane kaJesu" njengobufakazi benkolelo yakhe yokuthi "umfowethu" angasho umlandeli ngokomoya (kk. 338). Kepha isibonelo kuze kube manje ukusuka kumongo wasePalestine ngekhulu lokuqala kwenza ukucabanga kukaPatrick kube nzima ukwamukela kunokufunda nje umbhalo.
Ekuphetheni, ngicabanga ukuthi kunezizathu eziningi ezinhle zokucabanga ukuthi uJesu wayekhona ngempela futhi wayengumsunguli wehlelo lezenkolo ngekhulu lokuqala lePalestine. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ubufakazi esinabo emithonjeni esebhayibhelini eyengeziwe, oFata beSonto kanye nobufakazi obuqondile bukaPaul. Ngiyaqonda kakhulu ukuthi singabhala ngalesi sihloko, kepha ngicabanga ukuthi lesi yisiqalo esihle kulabo abanesifiso sempikiswano (ikakhulu esuselwa kwi-Intanethi) kuJesu ongumlando.