ISt. John Chrysostom: Ungumshumayeli omkhulu wesonto lokuqala
wayengomunye wabashumayeli ababekhuluma futhi benethonya kakhulu esontweni lokuqala lobuKristu. Ekuqaleni esuka e-Antiyokiya, uChrysostom wakhethwa njengoNdunankulu waseConstantinople ngo-398 AD, yize waqokelwa ehhovisi ephikisana nezifiso zakhe. Ukushumayela kwakhe ngobugagu nokungayekethisi kwakumangalisa kakhulu kangangokuba eminyakeni eyi-150 ngemuva kokufa kwakhe, wanikezwa isibongo esithi Chrysostom, okusho ukuthi "umlomo wegolide" noma "ulimi lwegolide".
Shesha
Eyaziwa nangokuthi: Giovanni d'Antiochia
Eyaziwa ngokuthi: ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, uMbhishobhi omkhulu onegolide, waseConstantinople, odume kakhulu ngezintshumayelo nezincwadi zakhe eziningi nezinamakhono
Ababelethi: uSecundus noMantusa wase-Antiyokiya
Ukuzalwa: 347 AD e-Antiyokiya, eSyria
Washona ngomhlaka 14 Septhemba 407 eComana, enyakatho-mpumalanga yeTurkey
Ukucaphuna okuphawulekayo: “Ukushumayela kuyangithuthukisa. Lapho ngiqala ukukhuluma, ukukhathala kuyanyamalala; lapho ngiqala ukufundisa, ngisho nokukhathala kuyanyamalala. "
Isiqalo sokuphila
UJohn wase-Antiyokiya (igama elalaziwa phakathi kwabantu besikhathi sakhe) wazalwa cishe ngo-AD 347 e-Antiyokiya, idolobha lapho abakholwa kuJesu Kristu babebizwa khona ngokuthi ngamaKrestu (Izenzo 11:26). Uyise, uSecundus, wayeyisikhulu sezempi esihloniphekile ebuthweni lombuso waseSyria. Washona uJohn esemncane. Unina kaGiovanni, u-Anthusa, wayengowesifazane ongumKristu ozinikele futhi wayeneminyaka engama-20 kuphela lapho eba umfelokazi.
E-Antiyokiya, inhloko-dolobha yaseSyria kanye nesinye sezikhungo eziyinhloko zemfundo yangaleso sikhathi, uChrysostom wafunda izinkulumo, izincwadi kanye nomthetho ngaphansi kothisha ongumhedeni uLibanius. Isikhathi esifushane ngemuva kokuphothula izifundo zakhe, uChrysostom wenza umthetho, kodwa ngokushesha waqala ukuzizwa ebizelwe ukukhonza uNkulunkulu.Wabhabhadiselwa enkolweni yobuKrestu eneminyaka engama-23 futhi wadela umhlaba ngokuphelele futhi wazinikezela kuKristu.
Ekuqaleni, uChrysostom wayephishekela impilo yezindela. Ngesikhathi sakhe esiyindela (AD 374-380), wachitha iminyaka emibili ehlala emhumeni, emi ngokuqhubekayo, engalali neze futhi ekhanda lonke iBhayibheli. Ngenxa yalokhu kuzilimaza ngokweqile, impilo yakhe yathikamezeka kakhulu futhi kwadingeka ayeke impilo yokuzincisha.
Ngemuva kokubuya esigodlweni sezindela, uChrysostom wakhuthala esontweni lase-Antiyokiya, ekhonza ngaphansi kukaMeletius, umbhishobhi wase-Antiyokiya noDiodorus, oyinhloko yesikole samakhatholika edolobheni. Ngo-AD 381, uChrysostom wagcotshwa ukuba ngumdikoni nguMeletius, kwathi emva kweminyaka emihlanu, wagcotshwa waba ngumfundisi nguFlavian. Ngokushesha, ukushumayela kwakhe ngobugagu nokuzimisela kwakhe kwamenza wathandwa futhi wahlonishwa yilo lonke ibandla lase-Antiyokiya.
Izintshumayelo ezicacile, ezisebenzayo nezinamandla zikaChrysostom zaheha izixuku ezinkulu futhi zaba nomthelela omkhulu emiphakathini yezenkolo neyezepolitiki yase-Antiyokiya. Umdlandla wakhe nokucaca kwakhe kwezokuxhumana kwajabulisa abantu abavamile, ababevame ukuya esontweni ukuyomzwa kangcono. Kepha imfundiso yakhe engqubuzanayo yayihlala imfaka enkingeni nabaholi bezenkolo nabezepolitiki besikhathi sakhe.
Isihloko esivela njalo sezintshumayelo zikaChrysostom sasingesiKrestu esibalulekile ekunakekeleni abaswele. “Kuwubuwula nobuwula obusobala ukugcwalisa izambatho ngezingubo,” kusho intshumayelo, “nokuvumela abantu abadalwe ngomfanekiso kaNkulunkulu bame nqunu futhi bethuthumela emakhazeni ukuze bangazigcini izinyawo ".
Patriarch waseConstantinople
NgoFebhuwari 26, 398, ephikisana nezikhalazo zakhe, uChrysostom waba ngumbhishobhi omkhulu waseConstantinople. Ngaphansi kokuyala kuka-Eutropius, isikhulu sikahulumeni, wayiswa ngamabutho empi wayiswa eConstantinople futhi wagcwala umbhishobhi omkhulu. U-Eutropius wayekholelwa ukuthi isonto lenhlokodolobha lifanelwe ukuba nesikhulumi esihamba phambili. UChrysostom wayengasifunanga isikhundla sobukhokho, kepha wasemukela njengentando kaNkulunkulu yaphezulu.
UChrysostom, manje osengumfundisi welinye lamasonto amakhulu eLobukholwa, waduma ngokwengeziwe njengomshumayeli ngesikhathi esifanayo ephikisa ukugxeka kwakhe okwenqabe abacebile nokuqhubeka kwabo nokuxhaphaza abampofu. Amazwi akhe alimaza izindlebe zabacebile nabanamandla njengoba edalula ukusetshenziswa kwabo kabi kwegunya. Ukubhoboza okungaphezu kwamazwi akhe kwakuyindlela yakhe yokuphila, eyaqhubeka nokuphila kanzima, esebenzisa imali yakhe yomndeni eningi ukusiza abampofu nokwakha izibhedlela.
Ngokushesha uChrysostom wavele wathandwa yinkantolo yaseConstantinople, ikakhulukazi u-Empress Eudoxia, owayekhubeke yena uqobo ngenxa yokuthukwa kwakhe. Wayefuna ukuthi uChrysostom athuliswe futhi wanquma ukuthi axoshwe. Ngemuva kweminyaka eyisithupha eqokwe njengo-Archbishop, ngoJuni 20, 404, uJohn Chrysostom waphelezelwa wasuswa eConstantinople, wangabe esabuya. Ezinye izinsuku zakhe wayehlala ekudingisweni.
USanta John Chrysostom, umbhishobhi omkhulu waseConstantinople, phambi kwendlovukazi u-Eudoxia. Kukhombisa inzalamizi isola indlovukazi yaseNtshonalanga, u-Eudoxia (Aelia Eudoxia), ngempilo yayo yobukhazikhazi nobukhazikhazi. Ukudwetshwa nguJean Paul Laurens, 1893. Augustins Museum, Toulouse, France.
Ifa lolimi lwegolide
Igalelo elibaluleke kakhulu likaJohn Chrysostom emlandweni wobuKristu kwakuwukuhambisa amagama amaningi kunanoma yimuphi omunye ubaba wesonto owayekhuluma isiGreki. Lokhu wakwenza ngokusebenzisa imibono yakhe eminingi esebhayibhelini, amakhaya, izincwadi nezintshumayelo. Ngaphezu kwe-800 kwalokhu kusatholakala nanamuhla.
UChrysostom wayengumshumayeli ongumKristu owayekhuluma kakhulu futhi enethonya kakhulu ngesikhathi sakhe. Ngesipho esingajwayelekile sokuchazwa nokusebenza kwakhe uqobo, imisebenzi yakhe ifaka phakathi imibukiso emihle kakhulu ezincwadini zeBhayibheli, ikakhulukazi uGenesise, amaHubo, u-Isaya, uMathewu, uJohane, iZenzo nezincwadi zikaPawulu. Imisebenzi yakhe echazayo eNcwadini Yezenzo ukuphela kokuphawula okusasele kulencwadi kusukela eminyakeni eyinkulungwane yokuqala yobuKrestu.
Ngaphezu kwezintshumayelo zakhe, eminye imisebenzi ekhuthazayo ifaka phakathi inkulumo yokuqala, ethi Against those Opposing Monastic Life, eyabhalelwa abazali abanezingane ezazibheka ubizo lwe-monastic. Ubuye wabhala Imiyalo yama-catechumens, Ngokungaqondakali kobunkulunkulu nangobupristi, lapho anikezela khona izahluko ezimbili kubuciko bokushumayela.
UJohn wase-Antiyokiya wathola igama elithi "Chrysostom", noma "ulimi lwegolide" ngemuva kweminyaka engu-15 edlulile emhlabeni. KwiSonto LamaRoma Katolika, uJohn Chrysostom uthathwa njengo "Dokotela weSonto". Ngo-1908, uPapa Pius X wamqoka njengomphathi wezingxoxo zamaKristu, abashumayeli nezindawo zokukhulumela. Ngisho namasonto ama-Orthodox, amaCoptic nawaseMpumalanga Anglican amthatha njengongcwele.
KuProlegomena: The Life and Work of St. John Chrysostom, isazi-mlando uPhilip Schaff uchaza uChrysostom "njengomunye walabo bantu abangajwayelekile abahlanganisa ubukhulu nokulunga, ubuhlakani nokuzinikela, futhi baqhubeke nokuthonya okuhle Isonto lobuKristu. Wayengumuntu wesikhathi sakhe nowezikhathi zonke. Kepha kufanele sibheke umoya kunesimo sobuNkulunkulu bakhe, esasinophawu lweminyaka yakhe. "
Ukufa ekudingisweni
UJohn Chrysostom wachitha iminyaka emithathu enesihluku ekudingisweni ngaphansi konogada abahlomile edolobheni elikude elisentabeni iCucusus e-Armenia. Yize impilo yakhe yahluleka masinyane, wahlala eqinile ekuzinikeleni kwakhe kuKristu, ebhalela abangane izincwadi nezikhuthazo futhi evakashelwa ngabalandeli abathembekile. Ngenkathi ethuthela esigodini esikude ogwini olusempumalanga yoLwandle Olumnyama, uChrysostom wawa futhi wayiswa esontweni elincane eliseduze naseComana enyakatho-mpumalanga yeTurkey, lapho afela khona.
Eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu nanye ngemuva kokushona kwakhe, izidumbu zikaGiovanni zathunyelwa eConstantinople zongcwatshwa eSontweni le-SS. Abaphostoli. Ngesikhathi seNkolo Yesine, ngonyaka ka-1204, izindatshana zikaChrysostom zaphangwa yizimbangi zamaKatolika zalethwa eRoma, lapho zabekwa esontweni lesikhathi esiphakathi kweSan Pietro eVaticano. Ngemuva kweminyaka engama-800, izidumbu zakhe zathuthelwa eSt Peter Basilica entsha, lapho zahlala eminye iminyaka engama-400.
NgoNovemba 2004, phakathi kwemizamo eqhubekayo yokubuyisana phakathi kwamasonto ama-Orthodox ase-Eastern kanye namaRoma Katolika, uPapa John Paul II wabuyisela amathambo eChrysostom ku-Patumarchical Patriarch Bartholomew I, umholi ongokomoya we-Orthodox yobu-Orthodox. Umkhosi uqale eSt Peter Basilica eVictoria City ngoMgqibelo ngoNovemba 27, 2004 futhi waqhubeka ngosuku njengoba izidumbu zikaChrysostom zabuyiselwa emcimbini obalulekile eSontweni likaSt. George's Church e-Istanbul, eTurkey.